Appreciating Individual Differences: Self-Concept, Personality, Emotions Learning Objectives Distinguish between self-esteem and self-efficacy. Contrast high and low self-monitoring individuals, and describe resulting problems each may have. Explain the social learning model of self-management. Identify and describe the Big Five personality dimensions, specify which one is correlated most strongly with job performance, and describe the proactive personality. Explain the difference between an internal and external locus of control. Explain the concepts of emotional contagion and emotional labor, and identify the four components of emotional intelligence Chapter Five

An OB Model for Studying Individual Differences 5-1 Figure 5-1 The Unique Individual Forms of Self- Expression Personality traits Self-Management Self Concept Self-esteem Self-efficacy Self-monitoring Attitudes Abilities Emotions McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

From Self-Concept to Self-Management 5-2 Self-concept is a person’s self-perception as a physical, social, spiritual being. Cognitions are a person’s knowledge, opinions, or beliefs. Self-esteem is one’s overall self-evaluation. McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skills & Best Practices: How to Build Self-Esteem in Yourself and Others 5-3 Live consciously Be self-accepting Take personal responsibility Be self-assertive Live purposefully Have personal integrity McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Self-Efficacy (“I can do that.”) 5-4 Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s ability to do a task McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

“I don’t think I can get the job done.” Self-Efficacy Beliefs Pave the Way for Success or Failure 5-5 Figure 5-2 Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs Feedback Results Behavior Patterns Prior experience High “I know I can do this job Success Behavior models Self-efficacy Beliefs Persuasion From Others Behavior Patterns Low “I don’t think I can get the job done.” Assessment Of Physical Emotional State Failure McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Self-Monitoring 5-6 Self-monitoring is observing one’s own behavior and adapting it to the situation McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Social Learning Model of Self-Management 5-7 Figure 5-3 Person (Psychological self) Behavior Situational cues Consequences McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Covey’s Seven Habits: An Agenda for Managerial Self-Improvement 5-8 Table 5-1 Be proactive Being with the end in mind Put first things first Think win/win Seek first to understand, then to be understood Synergize Sharpen the saw McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Big Five Personality Dimensions 5-9 Table 5-2 Personality Dimension Characteristics Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive Extraversion Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted Agreeableness Dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent Conscientiousness Relaxed, secure, unworried Emotional stability Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded Openness to experience McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Proactive Personality 5-10 A Proactive Personality is an action-oriented person who shows initiative and perseveres to change things. McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Locus of Control 5-11 Internal locus of control: belief that one controls key events and consequences in one’s life. External locus of control: One’s life outcomes attributed to environmental factors such as luck or fate. McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skills & Best Practices: How Lucky People Make Their Own Luck 5-12 Maximize chance opportunities Listen to your lucky hunches Expect good fortune Turn bad luck into good McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Seven Major Mental Abilities 5-13 Table 5-3 Ability Description Understanding what words mean and readily comprehending what is read Verbal comprehension Ability to produce isolated words that fulfill symbolic or structural requirements Word fluency Ability to make quick and accurate arithmetic computations such as adding and subtracting Numerical Able to perceive spatial patterns and to visualize how geometric shapes would look if transformed in shape and position Spatial McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Seven Major Mental Abilities (Cont.) 5-14 Table 5-3 Ability Description Having good memory for paired words, symbols, lists of numbers, or other associated items Memory Ability to perceive figures, identify similarities and differences, and carry out tasks involving visual perception Perceptual speed Ability to reason from specifics to general conclusions Inductive reasoning McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Positive and Negative Emotions 5-15 Negative emotions (Goal incongruent): - Anger - Fright/anxiety - Guilt/shame - Sadness - Envy/jealousy - Disgust Positive emotions (Goal congruent) - Happiness/joy - Pride - Love/affection - Relief McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Emotional Intelligence 5-16 Emotional Intelligence is the ability to manage oneself and interact with others in mature and constructive ways McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skills & Best Practices: How to Develop Personal and Social Competence Through Emotional Intelligence 5-17 Personal Competence Self-Awareness Emotional self-awareness Accurate self-assessment Self-confidence Self-Management Emotional self-control Transparency Adaptability Achievement Initiative Optimism Social Competence Social Awareness Empathy Organizational awareness Service Relationship Management Inspirational leadership Influence Developing others Change catalyst Conflict management Building bonds Teamwork and collaboration McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.