MOMENTUM and IMPULSE LINEAR MOMENTUM Momentum describes an object’s motion Momentum describes an object’s motion Momentum  a vector quantity defines as the product of an objects mass and velocity. Momentum  a vector quantity defines as the product of an objects mass and velocity. The symbol for momentum is:  The symbol for momentum is:  Ch. 6-1 in textbook. OBJECTIVES: compare the momentum of different moving objects Compare the momentum of the same objects moving with different velocities Identify examples of change in the momentum of an object Describe changes in momentum in terms of force and time

Linear Momentum… The equationfor momentum is:   = mv  momentum Where  is momentum, m is mass, and v is velocity.

Linear Momentum VECTOR QUANTITY. Momentum is a VECTOR QUANTITY. It’s direction matches that of its velocity. The SI units of momentum are Kg x m/s

Linear Momentum Think about coasting down a steep hill on your bike… – The faster you move, the more momentum you have and the more difficult it is to come to a stop. At the same speed…the larger the mass of the object the more momentum that object has. 50 mph

Sample Problem A 2250 kg truck has a velocity of 25 m/s to the east. What is the momentum of the truck? GIVENFORMULASUBSTITUTIONANSWER and UNITS M = 2250 kg  = m x v  = 2250 (25)56250 = V = 25 m/s 5.6 x 10 4 Kg x m/s to the east.  = 

Practice Problems… A 21 kg child is riding a 5.9 kg bike with a velocity of 4.5 m/s to the northwest. – A. What is the total momentum of the child and bike together? – B. What is the momentum of the child? – C. What is the momentum of the bike?

A. What is the total momentum of the child and bike together? A 21 kg child is riding a 5.9 kg bike with a velocity of 4.5 m/s to the northwest. A. What is the total momentum of the child and bike together? B. What is the momentum of the child? C. What is the momentum of the bike? GIVEN FORMULASUBANS/UNITS M(child) = 21 kg  = mv  = ( )(4.5)  = Kg x m/s to the northwest M (bike) = 5.9 kg  = (26.9)(4.5) V = 4/5 m/s

B. What is the momentum of the child? A 21 kg child is riding a 5.9 kg bike with a velocity of 4.5 m/s to the northwest. A. What is the total momentum of the child and bike together? B. What is the momentum of the child? C. What is the momentum of the bike? GIVEN FORMULASUBANS/UNITS M(child) = 21 kg  = mv  = (21)(4.5)  = 94 Kg x m/s to the northwest M (bike) = 5.9 kg V = 4/5 m/s

C. What is the momentum of the bike? A 21 kg child is riding a 5.9 kg bike with a velocity of 4.5 m/s to the northwest. A. What is the total momentum of the child and bike together? B. What is the momentum of the child? C. What is the momentum of the bike? GIVEN FORMULASUBANS/UNITS M(child) = 21 kg  = mv  = (5.9)(4.5)  = 27 Kg x m/s to the northwest M (bike) = 5.9 kg V = 4/5 m/s

Change in Momentum A change in momentum takes force and time. F =    t Force = Change in momentum time interval

IMPULSE MOMENTUM THEOREM (Page 210 in textbook) Impulse  for a constant external force, the product of the force and the time over which it acts on an object. Impulse momentum theorem: F  t =   or F  t =   = mv (final) – mv (initial)

IMPULSE MOMENTUM THEOREM A 1400 kg car moving westward with a velocity of 15 m/s collides with a utility pole and is brought to rest in 0.30 s. Find the magnitude of the force exerted on the car during the collision.

GIVEN FORMULA SUB ANS/UNIT M = 1400 kg F  t =   = mv (final) – mv (initial) F = (1400)(0) – (1400)(15) 0.30 Vi = 15 m/sF = mv (final) – mv (initial) t F = kg x m/s 0.30 F = N to the east Vf = 0 t =.30 s

Figure 6-3 in text… Stopping times and distance depend on the impulse- momentum theorem. Two trucks with the same mass traveling at the same speed, but one is loaded down… The truck with a load in the bed, MUST undergo a GREATER change in momentum than the truck without a load when arriving upon the same stop sign.

Figure 6-3 in text… The loaded down truck’s momentum is twice as great, so its change in momentum is also twice as great. The applied forces are the same, so the time period must be twice as great as well.   = F  t

Figure 6-3 in text… How do the stopping distances compare? – The loaded truck’s time period is twice as great while its acceleration is half as much (F-ma). – Because x = V i  t + ½ a  t 2 – the loaded truck’s stopping distance is 2 times as great as the empty trucks.

A 2250 kg car traveling to the west slows down uniformly from 20.0 m/s to 5.0 m/s. How long does it take the car to decelerate if the force on the car is 8450 N to the east? How far does the car travel during deceleration?

How long does it take the car to decelerate if the force on the car is 8450 N to the east? A 2250 kg car traveling to the west slows down uniformly from 20.0 m/s to 5.0 m/s. How long does it take the car to decelerate if the force on the car is 8450 N to the east? How far does the car travel during deceleration? GIVEN FORMULA SUB ANS/UNIT M = 2250 kg F  t =   = mv (final) – mv (initial)  t= (2250)(-5) – (2250)(-20) 8450 Vi = -20 m/s (neg b/c going west) t = mv (final) – mv (initial) F  t = kg x m/s 8450 kg x m 2 /s 2  t = 3.99s Vf = -5 m/s F = 8450 N to the east (+)

How far does the car travel during deceleration? A 2250 kg car traveling to the west slows down uniformly from 20.0 m/s to 5.0 m/s. How long does it take the car to decelerate if the force on the car is 8450 N to the east? How far does the car travel during deceleration? GIVEN FORMULA SUB ANS/UNIT M = 2250 kg  x = ½ (vi (final) + v (initial) )t  x= ½ ( ) (3.99) Vi = -20 m/s (neg b/c going west)  X = -50 m or 50 m to the West Vf = -5 m/s T = 4

A change in momentum over a longer time requires less force. If the speed of a particle is doubled, then the momentum increases by a factor of 2. The thespeed of a particle is doubled, then the KE increases by a factor of 4.

Impulse and Momentum What is the relationship??? Impulse is equivalent to a change in momentum. When comparing the momentum of 2 moving objects… The less massive object will have less momentum if the velocities are the same.

Which has the GREATEST momentum? A:Turtle with a mass of 91 kg moving at 1.4 m/s B: 1.8 kg Roadrunner moving at a 6.7 m/s C: Hare with a mass of 2.7 kg moving at 7 m/s D: 270 kg Tortoise moving at 0.5 m/s

Which has the GREATEST momentum? A:Turtle with a mass of 91 kg moving at 1.4 m/s kg*m/s B: 1.8 kg Roadrunner moving at a 6.7 m/s kg*m/s C: Hare with a mass of 2.7 kg moving at 7 m/s 18.9 kg*m/s D: 270 kg Tortoise moving at 0.5 m/s 135 kg*m/s

Review… If the speed of a particle is doubled… – By what factor is its momentum changed? – What happens to its KE?

Review 1- Momentum increases by a factor of 2 KE increases by a factor of 4 Why the difference?

HOMEWORK Page 209 # 1 and 3 Page 211 # 1 and 3

CONSERVATION of MOMENTUM ρ 1i + ρ 2i = ρ 1f + ρ 2f m 1 v 1i + m 2 v 2i = m 1 v 1f + m 2 v 2f TOTAL INITIAL MOMENTUM = TOTAL FINAL MOMENTUM

COPY DOWN IN NOTES… The total momentum of all objects interacting with one another remains constant regardless of the nature of the forces between the objects.

READING Read Page on momentum conservation Understand that momentum is conserved during collisions AND for objects that are pushing away from each other.

EXAMPLE 2 Skaters pushing away from each other (fig 6-7) Both initially at rest with a momentum of ρ 1i = ρ 2i =0 When they push away from each other, they move in opposite directions with EQUAL but OPPOSITE momentum so that the final momentum is also 0. ρ 1f + ρ 2f

SAMPLE A 76 kg boater, initially at rest in a stationary 45 kg boat, steeps out of the boat and onto the dock. If the boater moves out of the boat with a velocity of 2.5 m/s to the right, what is the final velocity of the boat? m 1i v 1i + m 2i v 2i =m 1f v 1f +m 2f v 2f

Solution m 1i v 1i + m 2i v 2i =m 1f v 1f +m 2f v 2f 190 kg m/s + 45 kg ( v 2f ) = 0 45 kg ( v 2f ) = -190 kg m/s ( v 2f ) = -190 kg m/s 45 kg ( v 2f ) = -4.2 m/s The negative sign indicates that the boat is moving left. (opposite direction of the boater)

HOMEWORK Page 219: 1-2 Page 221: 1 and 3