Continuous Forest Inventory for the Northwest Region Bureau of Indian Affairs Arnie Browning, Forester NWRO BIA Portland, OR. (503)

National Overview 565 Federally Recognized Tribes 565 Federally Recognized Tribes Recognized Tribes are in all but 17 states Recognized Tribes are in all but 17 states 20 percent of American Indians reside on 314 reservations 20 percent of American Indians reside on 314 reservations 18 million acres of forest land on 317 reservations (8 MM acres timberland, 10 MM acres woodland) 18 million acres of forest land on 317 reservations (8 MM acres timberland, 10 MM acres woodland) 732 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut 732 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut

Historical Overview The Formative Years The Formative Years –1830 Indian Removal Act –1832 Chief Justice John Marshall’s Cases Allotment & Assimilation Allotment & Assimilation –1887 General Allotment Act (Dawes Act) –1909 PL 35 Stat. 781 creates Forestry Division within Office of Indian Affairs within Office of Indian Affairs –1910 PL 33 Stat. 855 established timber sales on Indian land Indian Reorganization Indian Reorganization –1934 Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act) prohibited future allotment of land prohibited future allotment of land Termination Era Termination Era Indian Self-Determination Indian Self-Determination present Self-Governance present Self-Governance National Indian Forest Resources Management Act Tribal Forestry Programs, Independent Assessment (IFMAT)

Indian Forestry Program Nationwide Facts and Figures Currently Currently –43 billion bd. Ft. of standing forest inventory on commercial forests –~1.5% sustainable annual harvest –~18 million acres of Trust forest –~ 6 million acres of commercial timberland FY 2003 FY 2003 –634 million board feet harvested –$62 million to the Tribal owners –42 thousand acres thinned (PCT) –14 thousand acres reforested –157 thousand acres of fuels treated –>100 thousand acres of forest treated silviculturally in the commercial harvest 5-Year Annual Average ( ) 5-Year Annual Average ( ) –622 million board feet harvested –$93 million to the Tribal owners

INDIAN FOREST LANDS NATIONAL SUMMARY TIMBER AVAILABILITY & HARVEST ( ) (Millions of Board Feet)

Indian Self-Determination Tribal Participation in Forest Management ( 91 Tribes Performing all or some of the Program) Entire forestry program 31 Self-Governance Compacts 31 Self-Governance Compacts 26 Self-Determination Contracts 26 Self-Determination Contracts Portions of forestry program 6 Self-Governance Compacts 6 Self-Governance Compacts 28 Self-Determination Contracts 28 Self-Determination Contracts ACRES (thousands)

Forest Management Inventories

FIVE-YEAR INDIAN HARVEST SUMMARY REVENUE (% $) BY BIA REGION ($519 million to Tribal owners) (1998 – 2002) 77% 9% 5% 6%

BIA Northwest Region

2,664,000 acres timberland mostly on Category 1 reservations 2,664,000 acres timberland mostly on Category 1 reservations (Category 1 defined as over 1MMBF AAC) (Category 1 defined as over 1MMBF AAC) 385 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut 385 MMBF Annual Allowable Cut All Category 1 reservations have Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) plots except Grand Ronde. Many have Stand Inventory also. All Category 1 reservations have Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) plots except Grand Ronde. Many have Stand Inventory also.

History of CFI Late 1940s Calvin B. Stott, USFS introduced CFI to Lake States Late 1940s Calvin B. Stott, USFS introduced CFI to Lake States The original purpose of the CFI was to collect stocking, growth, removal, and mortality information indispensable to the establishment of broad management policies on large forest areas. (Stott, 1960) The original purpose of the CFI was to collect stocking, growth, removal, and mortality information indispensable to the establishment of broad management policies on large forest areas. (Stott, 1960)

Steps in the CFI Process Pre-Inventory Pre-Inventory –Review previous CFI Field Manual –Revise Manual for the re-measurement –Write data entry and edit program Data collection and error checking Data collection and error checking Regression analysis, more data cleaning Regression analysis, more data cleaning Write CFI program (VB 6 and Fortran 90) Write CFI program (VB 6 and Fortran 90) Write User Manual and assist with program installation and operation Write User Manual and assist with program installation and operation Assist with inventory analysis, growth and yield modeling, harvest scheduling, AAC. Assist with inventory analysis, growth and yield modeling, harvest scheduling, AAC.

Changes in Sample Design –Cluster of 2 or 3 one-fifth or one-quarter acre subplots, usually on one-mile grid –1/20 th acre minor plot for height and form class –1/100 th acre minor plot for seedlings/saplings –Plot data: timber type, habitat type, slope, aspect, etc –Tree data: spc, dbh, crown ratio, height, tree history, problem/severity, age or age class, etc –Re-measure every 10 years 1980 – present 1980 – present –re-measure only one plot per cluster (each subplot was always treated as an independent sample point) –Double the grid, usually ½ mile grid (more even-aged treatments, more stratification of the data) –Add snag data, fuel transect data, 3 tree problem/severity codes per tree (usually FVS codes), new height sample

Changes in Height Sample Before 1990 Before 1990 –Measure total height on all trees 5 inches dbh and larger on 1/20 th or 1/16 th acre minor plot After 1990 After 1990 –On 1/5 acre plot, measure total height on the first tree of each species in each 5 inch dbh class, and all trees 20 in. dbh and larger.

Changes in Height Model 1950 – – 1987 – Ht = b 0 + b 1 DBH + b 2 (DBH) 2 – (2 nd or 3 rd degree polynomial) – risky outside range of data, must “cap” 1988 – – 2002 – Ht = exp (b 0 + b 1 / (DBH+1)) – FVS (Wycoff et.al,1982) – Usually stratify height sample by productivity class 2002 – present 2002 – present – Ht = b 0 (exp (-b 1 (DBH) b 2 )) – FPS (Arney, 1985)

Comparison of Ht Models – FVS Slightly over estimates at 5 – 10 inches dbh Slightly over estimates at 5 – 10 inches dbh Slight under estimates at large diameters Slight under estimates at large diameters Almost always a reasonable model Almost always a reasonable model

FVS Height Model - continued Height to Diameter correlation is reasonable even for small samples Height to Diameter correlation is reasonable even for small samples

FPS Height Model Usually slightly improved fit through the entire range of DBH (when compared with FVS height model) Usually slightly improved fit through the entire range of DBH (when compared with FVS height model) Still getting experience with this model (only Warm Springs and Quinault) Still getting experience with this model (only Warm Springs and Quinault)

Plot the data and the model Our experience with FPS height model is limited; one unreasonable model so far. Our experience with FPS height model is limited; one unreasonable model so far. Thanks to error- trapping in Flewelling taper code, we discovered this problem Thanks to error- trapping in Flewelling taper code, we discovered this problem

Western white pine on Quinault When the cruisers showed us how Western white pine grows on the reservation, we reluctantly agreed to a small sample When the cruisers showed us how Western white pine grows on the reservation, we reluctantly agreed to a small sample “DBH” is at 34 feet above ground level of this pine growing out of an old cedar snag “DBH” is at 34 feet above ground level of this pine growing out of an old cedar snag

CFI Program Options for Volume and Taper Behre’s Hyperbola – Explained in 1983 Forest Mgt Inven. Handbook, App 1D Behre’s Hyperbola – Explained in 1983 Forest Mgt Inven. Handbook, App 1D Form Class = DIB17/DBH Form Class = DIB17/DBH Used in CFIs from 1950s to present Used in CFIs from 1950s to present Most DIB at 17 feet measured in 1970s to 1980s on CFI minor plots Most DIB at 17 feet measured in 1970s to 1980s on CFI minor plots

Form Class “The theory of form class volume tables is that for a given height, trees vary in taper in the first log, but above the first log, taper is quite similar for trees of the same size and merchantable height, regardless of species.” (Bell, 1989). “The theory of form class volume tables is that for a given height, trees vary in taper in the first log, but above the first log, taper is quite similar for trees of the same size and merchantable height, regardless of species.” (Bell, 1989). Most of the taper is in the first log. Most of the taper is in the first log.

Behre’s Hyperbola BHT = THT BHT = THT RHT = THT - upper stem ht RHT = THT - upper stem ht L = RHT / BHT L = RHT / BHT D = L / (0.49 * L ) D = L / (0.49 * L ) DIB = DIB17 * D DIB = DIB17 * D

BIA Volume Method Use Behre’s Hyperbola to calculate DIB at top of each log Use Behre’s Hyperbola to calculate DIB at top of each log If dib >= 8.0 then If dib >= 8.0 then bd=( *dib *dib**2)* log length bd=( *dib *dib**2)* log length If dib < 8.0 then If dib < 8.0 then bd=( *dib *dib** *dib**3)* log length

BIA Volume (continued) These regression formulas were developed by regressing the Factors published on page 38 of the Official Rules for the Log Scaling and Grading Bureaus, These regression formulas were developed by regressing the Factors published on page 38 of the Official Rules for the Log Scaling and Grading Bureaus, January 1, 1982

West-side Taper Coop Completed May 2, 1994 Completed May 2, 1994 For Douglas-Fir, Western Hemlock, and Western Redcedar For Douglas-Fir, Western Hemlock, and Western Redcedar Quinault Tribe, Washington DNR, Industrial Forest Owners, contributed felled tree data Quinault Tribe, Washington DNR, Industrial Forest Owners, contributed felled tree data Data modeled by James Flewelling, PhD. Data modeled by James Flewelling, PhD.

INGY Taper Coop Distributed to INGY Members Sep Distributed to INGY Members Sep Sectioned tree data collected for AF,DF,ES,GF,LP,MH,PP,RC,SF,WF,WH, WL,WP Sectioned tree data collected for AF,DF,ES,GF,LP,MH,PP,RC,SF,WF,WH, WL,WP INGY participants included Flathead, Nez Perce, Spokane, and WS Tribes, Boise Cascade, Champion, Potlatch, DNR, USFS, BC Min of Forests INGY participants included Flathead, Nez Perce, Spokane, and WS Tribes, Boise Cascade, Champion, Potlatch, DNR, USFS, BC Min of Forests Modeled by James Flewelling, PhD. Modeled by James Flewelling, PhD.

Uses of CFI data and programs Document changes and trends in the forest; stocking, growth, harvest, mortality Document changes and trends in the forest; stocking, growth, harvest, mortality Data used to calibrate growth and yield models (both FVS and FPS have used CFI data from reservation forests) Data used to calibrate growth and yield models (both FVS and FPS have used CFI data from reservation forests) Harvest Scheduling, Annual Allowable Cut Harvest Scheduling, Annual Allowable Cut Assess Forest Management Plans achievement of goals Assess Forest Management Plans achievement of goals

East-side CFI Statistics

Boardfoot Stocking Trends Colville, Spokane, Warm Springs, and Yakama

Harvest vs. Net Growth Colville, Warm Springs, Yakama

Mortality Coeur d’Alene, Colville, Warm Springs, Yakama

Warm Springs Ponderosa Pine Stocking Trend

Warm Springs stocking trend, all species combined, 1972 – 1997

Warm Springs Harvest and Net Growth Trends

Changes in Annual Allowable Cut