CHAPTER 9 TERMS 1) These are ALL of the terms for Chapter 9 (20): Strait Beringia Potlaches Adobe Tepees Hohokam Pueblo Hopewell Mississippian Chinampas Quipu Olmec Chavin Maya Toltec Aztec Inca Quechua Quetzalcoatl Tenochtitlan

Chapter 9 Section 1 Objectives Explain how people first arrived in the Americas. Describe changes that the development of agriculture brought to the Americas.

The Americas: Geography The Americas stretch 9000 miles from Greenland to South America. Mountains: Rocky Mountains on the west coast of U.S. run south through Mexico and into South America (Andes). Eastern part of North America is flat.

2 Major Rivers Mississippi River: 2530 miles. Largest river in North America The Amazon River: 4000 miles. 2nd largest river in the world.

Use pages 200-202 How do scholars explain the arrival of people in the Americas, AND what role did climate changes play in allowing migrations to the Americas? In what ways did the development of farming allow people to form towns and cities? In what ways did farming in the Americas differ from farming in other parts of the world?

Answers Glaciers formed a land bridge that Asians used to migrate to North America. Agriculture ensured a stable and reliable food supply that allowed population growth. Native Americans never invented the plow, lacked domesticated animals to pull farming equipment, and used simple digging sticks to plant seeds.

Bering Strait Asia and Alaska are separated by a narrow strip of water called the Bering Strait. Water is shallow=100-160 feet deep. During the Ice Age the water froze into glaciers. The glaciers created a land bridge called the Beringia. The Beringia allowed Asians to move into the Americas

Ice Age Migration Changes in Asia’s climates forced people who were hunter- gatherers across the land bridge and into the Americas in search of warmer weather. Asians followed the animal herds across the land bridge.

Creation Myths Native Americans use creation myths to explain their origins. Most creation myths contain legends of a creator or a supreme being. Creation myths were usually passed down orally or acted out. Very few tribes actually wrote their myths down.

Shift from Hunter Gatherers-Farming Original Americans were nomads who followed the migration of large game animals such as mammoths and mastodons. The men hunted and fished while the women gathered plants, nuts and berries. The climate change after the Ice Age caused the temperatures to raise and the glaciers to melt. As a result farming became a new way of life. The Olmecs in Mexico were the first farmers. They grew corn, beans and squash. These farmers did not have plows or large animals to help them farm. Eventually they were able to raise surplus crops to sustain large civilizations.

Chapter 9.1 Handout

Bell Quiz: Use Pages 203-207 What methods did the Hohokam use to enable their farming communities to flourish in a dry climate? Why were the A.D. 1400’s difficult years on the Great Plains? Why did the Hopewell and Mississippian people build mounds? What domesticated animal was used by the Great Plains Indians to help them move their goods and tepees? What is the purpose of totem poles to the Indians of the Northwest?

Bell Quiz Answers Extensive irrigation networks. New peoples arrived from the North, pushing many Plains peoples out of their homelands. Droughts made farming impossible in some places. Built mounds for burials. Dogs Represented the history and genealogy of the community.

The Northwest

The Southwest

The Great Plains

The Eastern Woodlands

CHAPTER 9 SECTION 2 Achievements/Way of Life Group Organization 1) Create a chart like the one below to compare and contrast the lives of early Americans. Achievements/Way of Life Group Organization Pacific Northwest Southwest Great Plains Eastern Woodlands

YOUR CHART SHOULD LOOK LIKE THIS ACHIEVEMENTS GROUP ORGANIZATION Pacific Northwest Fishing, weaving, woodworking, potlaches Clan or family Southwest Irrigation networks, cliff dwellings Pueblos Great Plains Hunted buffalo, made tools, made pottery, farmed Villages Eastern Woodlands Mound builders, skilled artists, farmers Ceremonial centers or villages

Bell Quiz: Use Pages 208-211 List the 5 main civilizations of Mesoamerica and Andean South America. Which civilization was located in modern day Peru? Which civilization had Tenochtitlan, modern day Mexico City, as its capital? Name 3 civilizations that performed human sacrifice. Were the civilizations of Mesoamerica and Andean South America monotheistic or polytheistic?

Bell Quiz Answers Olmec, Maya, Toltec, Aztec, Inca. Inca Aztec Polytheistic

6 page pamphlet: Use pages 208-211 Create a pamphlet that includes all of the following items: Cover page w/ a title and a map labeling the Olmec, Maya, Toltec, Aztec, and Inca civilizations. Dedicate 1 page of your pamphlet to each of the following civilizations: Olmec, Maya, Toltec, Aztec, and Inca. Each page should include information on ALL of the following characteristics of each civilization: major achievements, government, social organization, religion, communications, and military organization. You may use your cell phone or I-Pad for this assignment; however, you must stay on task with your technology. No texting or browsing sites not related to the assignment. Due at the end of the class period!