Workshop on Climatic Analysis and Mapping for Agriculture Bologna – Italy 14 – 16 June, 2005 Manuel Carvajal Ecuador WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE METEOROLOGIA E HIDROLOGIA - INAMHI

Geographical Location Northwest of South America Equator Line Between Colombia and Peru, East of the Pacific Ocean

Geographical Location

Elevation from 0 to 6310 m.a.s.l. Three Natural regions A) Coastal Mostly Plain B) Highland “Andes Cordillera” C) Amazon Plain Rain forest Continental Topographical Conditions A B C

Climatic classification by Thornthwaite Water Balance P = ET + ▲HS + I + E Where: P = rainfall ( irrigation if it is done) ET = evapotranspiration ▲HS = Variation of water soil storage I = deep soil infiltration E = runoff Hydric Index (lm) Im = 100 E – 60 D ETo Where: E = Humidity excess/annual D= Humidity deficit/annual ETo Main factor

Seasonal Humidity Variation With 2 components Aridity Index (Ia) = 100D/ ETP Humidity Index (Ih) = 100E/ ETP “Climatic Type” by Thornthwaite Thermal Efficiency Index On function of yearly ETP (mm) Less than 142 to more than 1140 Thermal Efficiency Concentration (TEC) TEC = ETP summer months x 1000 ETP annual

“Climatic Type” by Thornthwaite 1.Highly Humid (Tropical rain forest) 2.Humid (Tropical monsoon) 3.Sub humid (Tropical grassland) 4.Arid 5.Temperate humid 6.Temperate dry 7.Humid high barren plain

Crop Information Common Name:Banana Scientific Name:Musa paradisiaca Vegetative Cycle (months):12 Elevation (m.a.s.l.):Max. 1500Min. 5 Opt. 150 Rainfall (mm): 500 to 1200 annual Temperature (°C): Max.32 Min. 15 Opt. 22 to 26 Sunshine (sun hours):1200 annual m.a.s.l = meters above sea level; Max = maximum; Min= minimum; Opt = Optimum

Crop Information Common Name:Roses & Carnation Scientific Name: Vegetative Cycle (months):12 Elevation (m.a.s.l.):Max. 2000Min Opt Rainfall (mm): 1000 Temperature (°C): Max.25 Min. 10 Opt. 13 to 21 Sunshine (sun hours): m.a.s.l = meter above sea level; Max = maximum; Min; minimum; Opt = Optimum

Crop Information Common name: cassava Scientific name: Manihot utilissima Vegetative cycle (months): 9 Elevation (m.A.S.L.):Max min. 200 opt. 500 Rainfall (mm):1200 Temperature (°C): max. 32 min. 15 opt. 20 to 26 Sunshine (sun hours):1500 M.A.S.L = meter above sea level; Max = maximum; Min; Minimum; Opt = optimum

Questions Elevation (m.a.s.l.) and temperature has direct relation Is temperature range and sunshine the main factors? Because from our point of view: Rainfall rarely be in amount enough to satisfy water crop necessities, so rainfall is something like a guide but not a constraint parameter?

Humidity has relationship with rainfall and temperature, is necessary to agroclimatic classification? Soil variability is not a constraint, because it could be improved. What do you think about agroclimatic classification by Bagnolus – Gaussen or Koppen? Questions

Italian Scientifics…. is Pavari or Pignatti a methods than can be applied to our particular conditions? THEN…. Please answer the questions and help us to make a good work in agroclimatic mapping Questions

Thanks INAMHI AGROMETEOROLOGY Iñaquito N14-36 y corea Quito - Ecuador Telefax: (593-2) /