L/O - To understand and explain how and why castles changed over time Why did castles change? L/O - To understand and explain how and why castles changed over time

Why build Castles? Worksheet One accompanies this slide. Photo © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation

Where should you build castles? A castle’s first defence was its location. Harlech Castle was almost impossible to surround – why? Other castles were built on hills. This helped the defenders spot approaching enemy forces and meant that objects could be thrown down on attacking soldiers. Attackers would also be tired from climbing the hill.

Choosing a Site! ‘But where shall we build it me lord?’ King William has asked you, his Baron, to build a new castle in newly conquered English lands. It must: Dominate the local population. Control traffic in the area. Be easily defended. Provide a home for you. ‘Be prepared to justify your choice of location to the King!’ ‘Don’t forget to chose a name for your castle!’

1.) Motte and Bailey Castles Motte and Bailey castles were simple designs made out of wood. 1. Why did William build Motte and Bailey castles? 2. What weaknesses did Motte and Bailey castles have?

KEEP (Watch Tower or don jon in French) PALISADE OR STOCKADE MOAT (usually water filled) BAILEY MOTTE BRIDGE DRAWBRIDGE KILLING GROUND

Shell Keep at Restormel Castle, Cornwall 2.) Shell Keeps How is this castle different from the motte and bailey? Why did the Normans start to build castles like this? What problem did it solve? What problems could it have? Shell Keep at Restormel Castle, Cornwall 1100-1150 AD

3.) Square Keep 1087-1189 AD How is this castle different? Why build like this? What problems did it solve? Bailey Curtain Walls Built in 1127, Rochester Castle is a stone castle with a square keep. The keep is the big tower in the middle of the castle. Old Motte

Square Keep Now make a labelled copy of the keep! Dormitory Forebuilding Now make a labelled copy of the keep! Forebuilding This protected the entrance to the keep. Dormitory A place for the women and children to sleep Cellars Food, arms and ammunition were stored here along with prisoners. Kitchen Used for very basic cooking. Great Hall Used for eating and meeting. Lord’s Room Great Hall Kitchen Cellars

4.) Concentric Castles (Caerphilly, Wales) Keep Outer Walls Ring Wall Moat 1272-1307 AD Gatehouse

5.) Residential Castles Later on, comfort became more important as life in England became less violent. Some later medieval castles were just fortified stately homes. How does this castle differ from earlier medieval castles built for defence?

How did Castles Develop?

How did Castle Defences change?

How did castle defences change? Castles were often built near rivers. Why do you think this was?

Common Castle Defences

1.) The Castle Entrance The castle entrance often had a barbican attached. This was an extra gatehouse which protected the weakest part of the castle – the main gate. Barbicans usually had portcullises. These were metal gates which could be raised and lowered. ________________ __________ Barbican ____________ Soldiers attacking this barbican had to get through three entrance gates with portcullises. ____________

Defending the Main Entrance

2.) The Battlements The castle battlements sometimes had a wooden hoarding (or battrice) at the top. This provided a place from which soldiers could fire arrows or drop heavy stones and boiling tar onto the enemy below. At the bottom of the curtain wall the walls were angled so that when stones were dropped they would bounce off the bottom and hit the attackers. If there was no slope at the bottom of the wall, how would the stones fall?

3.) Towers and Keeps There were a number of features which could be added to the castle to make it stronger. Most castles had round towers in their walls. This was so soldiers could fire in all directions along the battlements. The strongest part of the castle was the keep. The keep was usually in the centre of the castle or on its highest point. Keeps had numerous defensive features including thick walls, narrow staircases and big cellars for sieges. Some even had their own drawbridges.

Castle Defences

How did siege tactics change?

Why did siege warfare change? As castles became stronger and harder to capture, armies had to think of new ways to attack them. As the attackers improved their methods of attack… …so the castle builders had to improve their castle’s defences. This led to continuous development in siege warfare technology.

1.) Battering Rams

2.) Catapults – The Mangonel Catapults were used to throw stones and other objects at castles. There were two main types: The mangonel threw medium-sized rocks or other objects using tension created by twisting ropes. twisted rope The mangonel had a range of about 150 metres.

3.) Catapults – The Trebuchet The trebuchet used a counterweight to fling larger objects. As the weight dropped, the throwing arm flung the missile. Edward I had a massive trebuchet, nicknamed ‘Warwolf’, built during his Scottish campaigns. counterweight Trebuchets had a range of around 200 metres. Given that a longbow could kill a man at about 250 metres, why could sieges take a long time?

Which type of projectile weapon is being used in this picture of the Siege of La Rochelle?

4.) Siege Towers Siege towers were used to get soldiers over castle walls. They had wheels so that they could be rolled into position, and a drawbridge at the top to bridge the gap between the tower and the battlement. The soldiers would climb up the tower and rush across the drawbridge onto the wall. Towers were often covered in animal skins to protect them from fire. What do you think were the main disadvantages with this method of attack?

5.) Mining

6.) Biological Warfare Catapults were not just used to throw stones – sometimes attackers used more gruesome methods. During one siege in the fourteenth century, plague victims were catapulted over the castle walls to spread the disease. Dead, rotting animals were also thrown. Psychological warfare was used too. The heads of executed prisoners were sometimes flung over castle walls and body parts thrown through murder holes onto attacking soldiers.

7. Starving them Out Castles were sometimes so strong that the only method of attack was to wait. This was called laying siege. The attackers would surround the castle, preventing supplies getting in. Eventually, the defenders were forced to give up or starve to death. Sieges could take a very long time. Many castles had wells in the keep and large storerooms full of supplies. The best time to attack would be spring as, by then, the supplies from the previous year’s harvest would be running low.

Can you suggest any other methods attackers might have used? Which method is best? Which of the methods of attack do you think would have been the most effective? Why? Can you suggest any other methods attackers might have used?

Plenary

Plenary

Motte and Bailey Castles Introduction Who first built castles in England? Why were they built? What purpose did they serve? What is this essay about? Motte and Bailey Castles Why were they built? What problems did they solve? How were they built? What features did they have and why? How were they defended? How were they attacked? What problems did they have? Shell Keep Castles Stone Keep Castles Concentric Castles Residential Castles Conclusion – Why did castles change? What was the reason? Why were they no longer needed? What do they teach us about life in Medieval England?