The light blue shading indicates the high eddy kinetic energy regions in the Brazil/Malvinas Confluence and the Agulhas Retroflection. Light orange shading indicate the regions of convection and subduction. Light green shading areas of upwelling associated to the shallow tropical cells. Red lines depict areas of interest for monitoring the inter-ocean exchanges and the bifurcation of the South Equatorial Current. Purple line near 30°S region for monitoring the meridional mass and heat flux Regions identified as important for implementing a South Atlantic observing system for climate PIRATA backbone + extensions GOOD HOPE + BONUS AX18 AX98 ATLAS buoy GEF IfM – SIO (Russia) ifM - INPE

Recent changes in chl-a are among the largest observed (>50%, Gregg et al., 2005) Primary production shelf break front 1.9 to 7.8 gC m 2 d -1 (Garcia et al., in preparation) F (CO2) = mmol CO 2 m 2 d -1 (Bianchi et al., 2005) Primary production in the western South Atlantic

ARGAU

 pCO  atm Ocean productivity and CO 2 fluxes Chlorophyll-a F CO mmol m -2 d -1

GEF PATAGONIA

Pre-deployment set-up

High resolution sampling mode

Swimmers

Estimates of South Atlantic Meridional Heat Flux

Lat °SHeat Flux (PW) MethodSource DirectBennett (1978) Sea-air fluxesBunker (1980) InverseFu (1981) Sea-air fluxesHastenrath (1982) DirectBryan (1982) Sea-air fluxesHsiung (1985) InverseRintoul (1991) modelMatano & Philander (1993) FRAMSaunders &Thompson (1993) to 0.94 DirectSaunders and King, FRAMSaunders and King, InverseMacdonald & Wunsch (1996) modelMarchesiello et al. (1998) Inversede las Heras & Schlitzer (1999) InverseMcDonogh and King (2003) DirectTalley (2003) OCCAMDonners (2004) POCMMatano & Schouten (2004) ECCOStammer, Kohl (2007) ORCA25Boening, Biastoch (2007) XBTGarzoli and Barringer (2007) Estimates of South Atlantic Meridional Heat Flux

Median pathways between successive oceanic sections crossed by water parcels. The colors indicate the mean depth of the transfer between two given sections. The North Atlantic overturning is defined here as the thermocline waters (in orange, red and pink) transformed into NADW (blue) in the North Atlantic sector. Numbers quantify the mass transfers between successive control sections (the Atlantic Equator, the Drake Passage, the SO section south of Australia and the Indonesian Throughflow). Speich et al. 2007, submitted Lagrangian reconstruction of the global Thermohaline Circulation

Lat °SHeat Flux (PW) MethodSource DirectBennett (1978) Sea-air fluxesBunker (1980) InverseFu (1981) Sea-air fluxesHastenrath (1982) DirectBryan (1982) Sea-air fluxesHsiung (1985) InverseRintoul (1991) modelMatano & Philander (1993) FRAMSaunders &Thompson (1993) to 0.94 DirectSaunders and King, FRAMSaunders and King, InverseMacdonald & Wunsch (1996) modelMarchesiello et al. (1998) Inversede las Heras & Schlitzer (1999) InverseMcDonogh and King (2003) DirectTalley (2003) OCCAMDonners (2004) POCMMatano & Schouten (2004) ECCOStammer, Kohl (2007) ORCA25Boening, Biastoch (2007) XBTGarzoli and Barringer (2007) Estimates of South Atlantic Meridional Heat Flux

High-resolution XBT line AX18 (14 sections) Garzoli & Baringer 2007, submitted

Meridional heat flux – meridional structure Integrated from 80ºN Garzoli & Baringer 2007, submitted

Meridional heat flux – model comparisons Integrated from 80ºN

Structure of meridional flow – (some) error sources Courtesy from Baher & Marotzke, in prep. “observed” thermal wind

UPCOMING WORKSHOP A monitoring system for heat and mass transports in the South Atlantic as a component of the Meridional Overturning Circulation Estancia San Ceferino, Buenos Aires Argentina, May , 2007 To establish the feasibility of and to foster collaborations for a monitoring system for meridional heat and mass transports in the South Atlantic and inter- ocean exchanges as a component of the Meridional Overturning Circulation. 25 participants from: Argentina Brazil France Germany Russia South Africa UK Uruguay USA