Philosophy & Arts of the 19 th Century Thinking, Thinking about Thinking, and Reacting to Thinking

I. Its All Their Fault A. Darwin B. Einstein C. Freud

II. Nietzsche & “Will to Power” A.Human motivation is desire for…  Concludes a new moral code is evolving  Judeo-Christian morality was NOT… Tradition is OUT  B. Will to Power  “Superman”  Individual that can assert power over himself; man of passion with the courage to follow his instinct. “Eat from the tree of knowledge and be PROUD.” C. Immoralism  “When man no longer regards himself as evil he ceases to be so.”  “God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him”   Parable of the Madman D. Nihilism  Old truths have lost their validity: believe in NOTHING (Nietzsche DIDN’T buy this- felt his system was above nihilism  )

III. Existentialism A. Existentialists considered only ONE issue  A. Existentialists considered only ONE issue  B. Sǿren Kierkegaard B. Sǿren Kierkegaard 1. rejected Hegel’s idea the philosophy is a science  1. rejected Hegel’s idea the philosophy is a science  2.There are NO universal truths  2.There are NO universal truths  C. Jean-Paul Sartre  Must use free will to make own choices… C. Jean-Paul Sartre  Must use free will to make own choices…  “terrifying freedom”  live without knowing if your choice…  “terrifying freedom”  live without knowing if your choice… D. Christian Existentialists  D. Christian Existentialists 

IV. Modernism BIG movement of art and literature BIG movement of art and literature  Writers and artists rebelling against…  Writers and artists rebelling against…

A. Naturalism  replicating a believable, everyday reality 1. Henrik Ibsen 1. Henrik Ibsen  A Doll’s House   A Doll’s House  Picked apart the façade of Victorian life and showed… Picked apart the façade of Victorian life and showed…

2.. Emile Zola a. Subjects were real- STARK reality:  Urban slums, coalfields, alcoholism b. he was “a moment of the human conscience” c. Germinal (1885)  d. Other works: The Earth (land & peasants); The Drunkard (alcoholism); The Debacle (trauma of war) e. J’accuse about the Dreyfus Affair

B. Realism One form of modernism painting Showing the harsh reality of everyday life

C. Impressionism 1. Leave the studio  go outside and depict nature as never before; new oil paints and portable easel make this possible 1. Leave the studio  go outside and depict nature as never before; new oil paints and portable easel make this possible 2. Depict the world… 2. Depict the world… “Painters were interested in the experience of the natural world and in rendering it exactly as it is seen- not fixed and frozen with an absolute perspective, but rather as constantly changing and as it is glimpsed by a moving eye.” “Painters were interested in the experience of the natural world and in rendering it exactly as it is seen- not fixed and frozen with an absolute perspective, but rather as constantly changing and as it is glimpsed by a moving eye.” Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant)

Manet- 1 st Impressionist Olympia

Water Lilies Monet

1 2 3

Renoir

D. Post-Impressionism 1. Rejected the impressionists limits 1. Rejected the impressionists limits But NOT a… But NOT a… 2. Less…more… 2. Less…more…  Distort form and color  Distort form and color 2. Vincent Van Gogh 2. Vincent Van Gogh

Starry Night

3. Paul Cezanne Still Life With Skull Believed there was NO true, single perspective. He painted the same still lives from different perspectives, undermining one “true” perspective. BUT wanted to restore order and structure to art.

E. Pointilism  Use of tiny dots of color to create the impression of a single, unified whole  Georges Seuret Le Pont de Courbevoie

Sunday on the Island of La Grand Jatte

V. Other Mediums A. Photography 1. Photography combined technology and realistic art 1. Photography combined technology and realistic art 2. Realism art style an effort… 2. Realism art style an effort… 3. While others… 3. While others…

The ten-storey Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884–1885 B. Architecture 1. Steel freed architects from limits 2. 1 st skyscraper in Chicago Sullivan's Wainwright Building in St. Louis, 1891 Concerns about aesthetics and fire safety hampered the development of skyscrapers across continental Europe for the first half of the twentieth century

C. Ballets Russes  VIVACIOUS 1. Stravinsky  The Rites of Spring 2. Made ballet a global phenomena Wild, jarring tones; dance was a combination of ballet and non-ballet- very physical and non- traditional. It was MEANT to be startling. When first shown in Paris, it caused a RIOT. Fights broke out in the box seats of the Opera House. Freed ballet from it constraints and reawakened the art form

The End!! …or is it just a beginning???