ד"ר לואיזה משי ד"ר לואיזה משי. מבנהתכונות הרכב.

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ד"ר לואיזה משי ד"ר לואיזה משי

מבנהתכונות הרכב

Fullerene structure Atoms form coordination polyhedra. The structure can be presented as periodic arrangement of polyhedra.

UFe 4 Al 8 : bond lengths : A angle range : UFe 2 Al 10 : bond lengths : A angle range : UFeAl הקושי המיוחד בפענוח מבנה של אלומינידים בפרט ותרכובות בין מתכתיות בכלל הינו באי וודאות בבדיקת נכונות מודל אטומי שנובעת מפוליהדרוני הקואורדינציה ומרווחים בין אטומיים השונים האפשריים

Bergman Cluster Inner shell with 12 Al atoms – Icosahedron Inner shell with 12 Al atoms – Icosahedron Middle shell with (Zn,Mg) – 20 atoms – Dodecahedron Middle shell with (Zn,Mg) – 20 atoms – Dodecahedron Outer shell with 60 Al atoms – Icosidodecahedron Outer shell with 60 Al atoms – Icosidodecahedron Mackay cluster The 54 atom Mackay cluster with: An inner shell icosahedron (red). An inner shell icosahedron (red). 30 vertices over the edges, 30 vertices over the edges, forming Icosidodecahedron (brown) forming Icosidodecahedron (brown) outer icosahedral shell (green) outer icosahedral shell (green) תרכבות בין מתכתיות מורכבות

שיטות לפענוח מבנה שיטות לפענוח מבנה מבוססות בעיקר על תופעת דיפרקציה. דיפרקציה שיטות אלו מבוססות על דיפרקציה של קרינה בעלת אורך גל דומה למרווח בין אטומים בגביש – אי לכך ניתן להשתמש בקרני X, אלקטרונים וניוטרונים למטרה זו. אורך גל

Bright Bright (Central) Dark etc` Diffraction refers to various phenomena associated with wave propagation, such as spreading and interference of waves passing by an object or aperture that disrupts the wave. It occurs with any type of wave, including sound waves, water waves and electromagnetic waves. דיפרקציה – זו לא מילה גסה While diffraction always occurs, its effects are generally most noticeable for waves where the wavelength is of the order of the size of the diffracting objects or apertures. The intensity of diffracted wave is a result of interference between different parts of a wave that traveled to the observer by different paths.

שיטות של דיפרקציית קרני X לפענוח מבנה The main technique for crystal structure determination is single X- Ray crystallography. The method is based on the analysis of the measured intensities of the diffracted beams. This is possible only if a single crystal of an adequate size can be grown.  When this is not possible, powder X-ray methods can also be used; however there are difficulties in the treatment of intensities (limited data, peak overlapping, preferred orientation,...).

מגבלותיה של שיטת דיפרקציית קרני X מאבקה: Peak overlapping Peak broadening when size of a crystal becomes smaller > 1  m < 10nm

פענוח של מבנה של חומר בעל גודל זעום ניתן לעשות באמצעות קריסטלוגרפיה אלקטרונית הגדרה: קריסטלוגרפיית אלקטרונים הינו ענף מדע העוסק בפענוח מבנה אטומי של חומרים באמצעות הדמיה ודיפרקציית אלקטרונים. הכלי העיקרי המיושם בענף מדע זה הינו מיקרוסקופ אלקטרוני חודר – Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).

a A selection of different commercial TEMs: (A) JEM 1.25 MeV HVEM. Note the size of the instrument; often the high-voltage tank is in another room above the column. (B) Zeiss HRTEM with a Cs corrector and an in-column energy filter. Note the large frame to provide high mechanical stability for the highest-resolution performance. (C) FEI Titan; (D) Hitachi H7500 TEM and (E) JEOL-2010 FasTEM. e b cd

Information obtained in TEM מה המידע שניתן לקבל מTEM תמונה מבנה הרכב

Stacking fault in GaN – low mag image and HRTEM HRTEM of Au islandsDislocations in Cu

שלבים עיקריים של פענוח מבנה:  הגדרת גאומטריה של תא היחידה – האם מדובר על סידור קובי או תיבתי או אחר  אפיון סימטריה – זה מאפשר מציאת מיקום אטומים בהמשך הפענוח כאשר בגלל נוכחות אלמנטי סימטריה השונים הם ישתכפלו בצורה נכונה לכלל אטומים בגביש  מציאת מיקום אטומים  בדיקת נכונות מודל מוצע

Kinematical scattering (very thin crystals) I (k)  I F (k) I 2 Dynamical scattering ( thickness > 10 nm ) CORRECT MODEL WRONG MODEL light atoms do not appear wrong atomic positions Problems with use of electron diffraction: 1) Electron diffraction intensity data can be strongly distorted by dynamical scattering. 2) Number of reflections is limited comparing to the number of reflections available from X-ray single crystal diffractometry. 3) Difficulties with correct symmetry evaluation.

Precession Electron Diffraction (PED) method More recorded reflections Reduced dynamical effects with beam precession, Ewald sphere also precesses through the reciprocal space [1] R. Vincent, P.A. Midgley, Ultramicroscopy, 53, (1994), 271. [2] A.S. Avilov, S. Nicolopoulos et al, Ultramicroscopy, 107, (2007), 431.

No precession - SAD With precession - PED Conventional SAD versus PED More recorded reflections

Conventional SAD versus PED Two Mirrors? m m The correct symmetry: 2 SAD PED

Wrong intensity distribution leads to wrong model. Conventional SAD versus PED

L. Meshi, S. Samuha, D. Kapush, D. Pavlyuchkov, B. Grushko Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) 6551–6555 orthorhombic Highest net symmetry - 2mm, thus crystal system is orthorhombic. Lattice parameters: a = 2.34, b = 1.62 and c = 2.00nm דוגמא: אפיון מבנה של תרכובת בין מתכתית חדשה שנמצאה במערכת Al-Ru-Rh שלב 1: אפיון גאומטריה של תא היחידה

Space group: Pb–a + mmm = Pbma (57) שלב 2: אפיון סימטריה באמצעות בדיקת דיפרקציות ותמונות

שלב 3: מציאת מיקום אטומים Extraction of electron diffraction intensities using the program ELD [1] Development of atomic model, using direct methods utilized in SIR program[3] [1] Zou.X.D,Sukharev.Y&Hovmöller.S,Ultramicroscopy 52: (1993). [2] Hovmoller.S.Ultramicroscopy 41: (1992). [3] M. Camalli1,B. Carrozzini,G. L.Cascarano&C. Giacovazzo, Cryst. Res. Technol. 46, No. 6 (2011) Building the dataset using the program TRIPLE[2] Recording PED patterns

Estimation of the number of atoms in the unit cell: Cell parameters: a = 23.4, b = 16.2 and c = 20.0 Å Volume: Å 3 Approximate atomic volume: 18-20Å 3 Estimated number of atoms in the unit cell: / 19  400 Number of structural units in the unit cell: z=400 / ( )=4 (chemical formula according to the EDS in TEM - Al 77 Ru 8 Rh 15 ) כמה אטומים אנחנו מחפשים???