Nozzles and Fire Streams FVCC Fire Rescue Nozzles and Fire Streams

OBJECTIVES 2-13.1 Identify a fire stream. (3-3.7) 2-13.2 Identify the purposes of a fire stream. (3-3.7) 2-13.3 Identify the advantages of using water as an extinguishing agent. 2-13.4 Identify the disadvantages of using water as an extinguishing agent. OBJECTIVES

2-13. 5. Identify three major types of fire stream patterns. (3-3 2-13.6 Identify three sizes of fire streams (3-3.6, 3-3.9) 2-13.7 Identify the design of the three major types of fire stream nozzles and tips (3-3.6, 3-3.9) OBJECTIVES

2-13. 8. Identify the required nozzle pressure of fire streams. (3-3 2-13.9 Identify the major parts of a fog nozzle (3-3.7) 2-13.10 Identify the water flow through various types of fog nozzles. (4-3.1) 2-13.11 Identify the operations of fire stream nozzles. (3-3.6, 3-3.9) OBJECTIVES

2-13.12 Identify the nozzle pressure effects and the flow capabilities of fire stream nozzles. (3-3.9) 2-13.13 Identify nozzle reaction (3-3.6, 3-3.9) 2-13.14 Identify water hammer and one method of its prevention. (3-3.9) OBJECTIVES

2-13.15 Identify three observable results that are obtained when the proper application of a fire stream is accomplished (3-3.9) 2-13.16 Identify the safe procedures in the handling of fire hose and associated equipment. (3-3.9) OBJECTIVES

2-13.17 Identify methods of preventing damage to a nozzle and associated equipment. (3-3.9) 2-13.18 Identify the types of ground cover fires. (3-3.8) 2-13.19 Identify the procedures for extinguishing ground cover fires. (3-3.8) OBJECTIVES

2-13.20 Identify the procedures for extinguishing ground cover fires (3-3.8) 2-13.21 Identify the equipment necessary for foam application. (3-3.15) 2-13.22 Identify the following methods of water application. (3-3.7) 2-13.22.1 Direct 2-13.22.2 Indirect 2-13.22.3 Combination OBJECTIVES

2-13.23 Identify the use of nozzles carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 ed, (3- 3.9) 2-13.23.1 Open and close a fog nozzle. 2-13.23.2 Adjust the stream pattern on a fog nozzle 2-13.23.3 Adjust the flow setting on an adjustable gallonage fog nozzle 2-13.23.4 Open and close a solid stream nozzle. OBJECTIVES

2-13.24 Identify the use of adapters carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus. 2-13.25 Identify the procedures for inspecting nozzles for damage. (3-3.6, 3- 3.9) OBJECTIVES

2-13. 26. Identify the procedures for cleaning and maintaining nozzles 2-13.27 Identify the procedures for extinguishing or controlling the following live fires working as a member of a team and using appropriate protective equipment, firefighting tools, and extinguishing agents: 2-13.27.1 Piles/stacks of Class A combustible materials (exterior) OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVES 2-13.27.2 Open pans for combustible liquids (exterior) 2-13.27.3 Vehicle fires 2-13.27.4 Storage containers (exterior dumpster/trash bin) 2-13.27.5 Class A combustible materials within a structure (interior attack) 2-13.27.6 A hidden fire within a structure 2-13.27.7 Ground cover fire OBJECTIVES

2-13. 28. Identify assembling the components of a foam fire stream 2-13.29 Identify the application technique of Class B foam. (3-3.15) 2-13.30 Demonstrate the following methods of water application: (3-3.7(b), 3-3.9(b)) OBJECTIVES

2-13.30.1 Direct 2-13.30.2 Indirect 2-13.30.3 Combination Demonstrate the use of nozzles carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 ed. (3-3.9(b)) 2-13.31.1 Open and close a fog nozzle. 2-13.31.2 Adjust the stream pattern on a fog nozzle 2-13.31.3 Adjust the flow setting on an adjustable gallonage fog nozzle. 2-13.31.4 Open and close a solid stream nozzle OBJECTIVES

2-13.32 Demonstrate the use of adapters carried on a pumper as required by Section 3-8 of NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus. 2-13.33 Demonstrate the procedures for inspecting nozzles for damage (3-3.6(b), 3-3.9(b)) OBJECTIVES

2-13.34 Demonstrate the procedures for cleaning and maintaining nozzles. (3- 3.6(b), 3-3.9(b)) 2-13.35 Demonstrate extinguishing or controlling the following live fires working as a member of a team and using appropriate protective equipment, firefighting tools, and extinguishing agents: 2-13.35.1 Piles/stacks of Class A combustible materials (exterior) OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVES 2-13.35.2 Open pans for combustible liquids (exterior) 2-13.35.3 Vehicle fires 2-13.35.4 Storage containers (exterior dumpster/trash bin) 2-13.35.5 Class A combustible materials within a structure (interior attack) OBJECTIVES

2-13.35.6 A hidden fire within a structure 2-13.35.7 Ground cover fire Demonstrate assembling the components of a foam fire stream (3-3.15) Demonstrate application technique of Class B foam (3-3.15) IFSTA, Essentials, 4th ed, Chapters 12-13 Delmar, Firefighter’s Handbook, copyright 2000, Chapters 10-11 OBJECTIVES

A stream of water or other extinguishing agent, after it leaves the fire hose and nozzle until it reaches the desired point. IDENTIFY A FIRE STREAM

PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM Applying water or foam directly to burning material to reduce its temperature. Applying water or foam over an open fire to reduce the temperature so firefighters can advance hand lines closer to effect extinguishment. Reducing high atmospheric temperature. PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM

PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM Dispersing hot smoke and fire gases from a heated area by using a fire stream. Creating a water curtain to protect firefighters and property from heat. Creating a barrier between a fuel and a fire by covering with a foam blanket. PURPOSES OF A FIRE STREAM

EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATER TS 13–2a Is readily available Is inexpensive Has great heat-absorbing capacity Absorbs a large amount of heat when converting to steam The greater its surface area, the greater the heat absorption Chipped ice vs. single ice cube Fog stream vs. solid stream Steam vs. liquid EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATER

EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATER (cont.) TS 13–2b EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATER (cont.) Is unique in that it expands both upon freezing and upon changing into its vapor state Water in pipes subject to freezing may rupture Undrained automatic sprinkler piping in unheated buildings Wet barrel hydrants Shallowly buried underground pipes Its 1700:1 expansion ratio during vaporization allows it to absorb more heat

PHYSICAL STATES OF WATER VS 13-2 PHYSICAL STATES OF WATER Solid Ice Liquid Water Gas Invisible Water Vapor Above 212°F (100°C) 32°F (0°C) 32°F to 212°F (0°C to 100°C) Increasing Temperature

WATER AS STEAM VS 13-3 10 feet (3 m) 50 feet (15 m) 96 feet (29 m) • At 212ºF (100ºC) water expands to approximately 1,700 times its original volume. • Steam absorbs more heat faster, cooling fuel below ignition temperature. • Steam displaces hot gases, smoke, and other products of combustion. • In some cases, steam may smother fire by excluding oxygen. 20 cubic feet (0.57 m3) of water @ 500°F (260°C) converts to 48,000 feet (1 359 m) of steam 10 feet (3 m) 50 feet (15 m) 96 feet (29 m)

VS 13-4 FRICTION LOSS Velocity: Rate of motion of particle in a a given direction; speed Friction Loss: Pressure lost while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose, and adapters. Critical Velocity: Turbulence caused when a stream is subjected to excessive velocity

ADVANTAGES OF USING WATER Greater heat absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents One BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree F. Cools fuel below ignition temperature A relatively large amount of heat is required to vaporize liquid water to steam – 970 BTU’s are required to vaporize water, changing it to steam. ADVANTAGES OF USING WATER

ADVANTAGES OF USING WATER The greater the surface area of the water exposed, the more rapidly heat will be absorbed Water converted to steam occupies 1700 times the original volume occupied by the liquid Displaces hot gases, smoke and other products of combustion. ADVANTAGES OF USING WATER

DISADVANTAGES OF USING WATER Water has a considerable amount of surface tension Will not readily penetrate certain porous materials. Will react with combustible materials Certain metals Freezing will occur at 32 degrees F (0 degrees C) Water has low viscosity; it will not cling or readily coat materials May conduct electricity under certain conditions DISADVANTAGES OF USING WATER

CAUSES OF FRICTION LOSS TS 13–3 Rough hose lining Damaged couplings Sharp bends/kinks in hose Adapters Partially closed valves/nozzles Wrong size gasket Excessive hose length Excess flow for hose size CAUSES OF FRICTION LOSS

CAUSES OF PRESSURE LOSS OTHER THAN FRICTION LOSS TS 13–4 CAUSES OF PRESSURE LOSS OTHER THAN FRICTION LOSS Broken hoseline Mechanical problem due to poor water supply Error in hydraulics calculation Obstructions from the pump or water main Elevation of nozzle above pump

SOME REASONS FOR PRESSURE LOSS VS 13-5 SOME REASONS FOR PRESSURE LOSS Damaged Couplings Kinks or Sharp Bends Adapters Hose Length Elevation Loss Hose Diameter/Length 100 gpm 100 gpm 1 ½ 2 ½ 30 psi Loss per 100 ft. 3 psi Loss per 100 ft.

GUIDELINES FOR REDUCING FRICTION LOSS TS 13–5 Check for rough linings in fire hose. Replace damaged hose couplings. Eliminate sharp bends in hose when possible. Use adapters to make hose connections only when necessary. Reduce amount of flow. Keep nozzles and valves fully open when operating hoselines. Use proper size hose gaskets for hose selected. Use short hoselines as much as possible. Use larger hose or multiple lines when flow must be increased. GUIDELINES FOR REDUCING FRICTION LOSS

ELEVATION LOSS/GAIN Nozzle above  Fire Pump = Pressure Loss TS 13–6 Nozzle above  Fire Pump = Pressure Loss Nozzle below  Fire Pump = Pressure Gain ELEVATION LOSS/GAIN

WATER HAMMER Water hammer hits everything VS 13-6 Pump Piping Hose Hydrant Coupling Main Open and close all nozzles and valves slowly.

TS 13–7 Is surge created by suddenly stopping the flow of water through fire hose or pipe Is often heard as a distinct clank, much like a hammer striking pipe Causes a change in direction of energy and multiplies the energy many times Can damage pumps, hoselines, water mains, couplings, nozzles, and hydrants Can be prevented by operating nozzle controls, hydrants, valves, and hose clamps slowly WATER HAMMER

FIRE STREAM PATTERNS Solid streams Designed to produce a stream as compact as possible with little shower or spray Produced from a fixed orifice Longer reach than other types of streams Reduced problem of steam burns to firefighters and trapped civilians as a result of disturbance to the normal thermal layering of heat and gases during interior structural attack Operating pressures (2-3.9(a)) 50 psi on handlines 80 psi on master stream devices FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

FIRE STREAM PATTERNS Fog streams A fog stream is a patterned stream composed of fine water droplets Variable stream patterns can be produced Wide angle fog Narrow angle fog Straight stream Greater heat absorption due to more surface area of water exposed May be used in close proximity to energized electrical equipment FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

FIRE STREAM PATTERNS Have less reach than solid streams Less penetrating power than solid streams Susceptible to wind currents Improper use during interior attacks can Spread fire Create heat inversion Cause steam burns to firefighters and trapped civilians Operate at designed pressure FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

FIRE STREAM PATTERNS Broken Stream Solid stream broken into coarsely divided water droplets Droplets are larger than fog stream droplets and have better penetration FIRE STREAM PATTERNS

THREE SIZES OF FIRE STREAMS Fire streams are identified by size and type The size is the amount of water in gallons per minute that will flow at a specified pressure. The type of fire stream is the pattern Booster lines Low-volume stream: Discharge is generally less than 40 GPM Handline stream: Generally range from 40-350 GPM ½” to 2” diameter handlines (small):40-100 GPM 2 ½” – 3” diameter handlines (medium large) 165-350 GPM Master stream: Discharge is greater than 350 GPM THREE SIZES OF FIRE STREAMS

DESIGN Solid stream nozzles Shape of the stream in the nozzle is gradually reduced until it is a short distance from the outlet Has a smooth finished waterway one to one and one-half times its diameter Discharge orifice should be no greater than one-half the diameter of the hoseline supplying the nozzle. DESIGN

DESIGN Fog stream nozzles Set or constant gallonage nozzles One flow rate at a given discharge pressure Adjustable gallonage nozzles Allows one of several preset gallon settings to be selected Automatic nozzles Discharge a wide range of flows depending on the pressure being supplied to the nozzle DESIGN

NOZZLE CONTROL VALVES ROTARY CONTROL VALVE VS 13-22 NOZZLE CONTROL VALVES ROTARY CONTROL VALVE A screw guides an exterior barrel around an interior barrel. This valve also controls the stream discharge Pattern.

Adjustable gallonage nozzles Set or constant gallonage nozzles

Automatic nozzles

DESIGN Broken stream nozzles Limited to special applications Designed for a specific use Types are: Water curtain Designed to produce a fan-like pattern that is most effective if sprayed directly upon the exposure being protected Cellar or distributor nozzle Designed to be raised or lowered through holes in floors or ceilings Piercing nozzle Designed with a hardened steep tip that can be driven through a wall or partition Can be used on truck or engine compartment of a vehicle DESIGN

NOZZLE PRESSURE Smooth bore handline: 50 PSI Fog handline, normal 100 PSI Fog handline, mid-pressure 75 PSI Fog handline, low pressure 50 PSI Smooth bore master stream 80 PSI Fog master stream 100 PSI NOZZLE PRESSURE

FOG NOZZLE Nozzle control valve Permits regulation of the flow Types: Ball valve Slide valve Rotary control FOG NOZZLE

FOG NOZZLE Exterior barrel Deflecting stem Body of nozzle Rotating changes stream pattern Deflecting stem Position in relation to barrel determines shape of stream Gallonage adjustment ring (on variable gallonage nozzles) Used to select gallons per minute desired FOG NOZZLE

FOG NOZZLE Rubber bumper/guard Located on barrel of nozzle Play pipes Provides solid grip for adjusting stream pattern Protects nozzle if dropped Play pipes Tapered pipe used to accelerate flow Usually found on 2 ½ inch nozzles Stream straightness Used to prevent the twisting motion of a fire stream FOG NOZZLE

FOG NOZZLE Accessories Pistol grips (Throw them away!) Large double handles (usually 2 ½ inch nozzles) Identify the water flow through various types of fog nozzles 2-13.10 (4-3.1) FOG NOZZLE

WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG NOZZLES Periphery – deflected Produced by deflecting water from the periphery of an inside, circular stem and then again by the exterior barrel Position of exterior barrel determines shape of stream WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG NOZZLES

WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG NOZZLES Impinging jet Developed by driving several jets of water together at a fixed angle Usually produces wide fog patterns WATER FLOW THROUGH FOG NOZZLES