Molecular Models Activity KeysKeys Molecular Model's Activity

Molecular Models Activity ammonia hydrogen monochloride trichloromethane urea propane butane nitrogen triiodidenitrogen triiodide (video)video carbon tetrachloride methane water ethane ethyne dihydrogen monosulfide carbon dioxide supplies

Bonding and Shape of Molecules Number of Bonds Number of Unshared Pairs ShapeExamples Linear Trigonal planar Tetrahedral Pyramidal Bent BeCl 2 BF 3 CH 4, SiCl 4 NH 3, PCl 3 H 2 O, H 2 S, SCl 2 -Be- B C N : O : : Covalent Structure

Lewis Structures 1) Count up total number of valence electrons 2) Connect all atoms with single bonds - “multiple” atoms usually on outside - “single” atoms usually in center; C always in center, H always on outside. 3) Complete octets on exterior atoms (not H, though) 4) Check - valence electrons match with Step 1 - all atoms (except H) have an octet;if not, try multiple bonds - any extra electrons?Put on central atom - no unpaired electrons (free radicals) Gilbert Lewis

Carbon tetrachloride CCl CCl 4 C o Cl Carbon tetrachloride – “carbon tet” had been used as dry cleaning solvent because of its extreme non-polarity. Tetrahedral geometry

Methane CH H H H C o H H H H Methane –The first member of the paraffin (alkane) hydrocarbons series. a.k.a. (marsh gas, CH 4 ). Tetrahedral geometry

Water.. HH O Bent geometry SO 2  (-)  (+) Polar molecule

Ethane C H CH H H HH space-filling molecule ball-and-stick Lewis dot notation C2H4C2H4 molecular formula C = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2

Ethane C H CH H H HH space-filling molecule ball-and-stick Lewis dot notation C2H6C2H6 molecular formula

Ethyne CCHHCCHH No octet Stable octet 6 electrons = triple bond CCHH C2H2C2H2 CCHH each C “feels” 6 electrons each C “feels” 7 carbons Ethyne – a.k.a. “acetylene”

Dihydrogen monosulfide.. HH S Bent SO 2

Carbon dioxide OO C Linear geometry CO O CO 2 CO O

Ammonia N HH H N 107 o H H H.. NH 3.. H H H N Trigonal Pyramidal geometry N HH H

H Amino Acids – Functional Groups AmineCarboxylic AcidBase Pair NH 2 1- R- COOH NH 3 NH 2 1- NH 4 1+ amineammoniaammonium ion N H H H : N H H H H : 1+ N H H : 1- : H+H+ lose H + H+H+ +

Hydrogen monochloride HCl HCl HCl  (-)  (+) HCl Polar molecule HCl(g) + H 2 O(l)  HCl(aq) hydrogen chloride water hydrochloric acid

Trichloromethane CCl H CHCl 3 C o H Cl C H  (-)  (+) Polar molecule Tetrahedral geometry

Urea C O N H H N H H C O N H H N H H CO(NH 2 ) 2 NOT “di-urea” Urea – The first organic compound to be synthesized (Wohler, 1828).

Propane C H CH H C H H HHH C C C H H H H H H H H C3H8C3H8

Butane C H CH H C H CH H HHHH H - C - C - C - C - H H H C 4 H 10 C C C H H H H H H H H C H H

Nitrogen triiodide N II I N 107 o I I I.. NI 3 Trigonal Pyramidal geometry Video clip: (slow motion) detonation of N I 3

Supplies  15 black(carbon)  8 green(chlorine and iodine)  1 yellow(sulfur)  4 blue(oxygen)  4 red(nitrogen)  42 hydrogen(hydrogen)  67 bonds(bonds)

C Cl I S O N H C C H HH H CO O S HH CCHH C H H CCl 4 CH 4 CO 2 C2H2C2H2 HCl CHCl 3 SH 2

C H CH H C H CH H HHHH C H CH H C H H HHH N HH H N II I

Decomposition of Nitrogen Triiodide

2 NI 3 (s) N 2 (g) + 3 I 2 (g) NI 3 I2I2 N2N2

C o H H H H N 107 o H H H.. O o H H.. CH 4, methaneNH 3, ammoniaH 2 O, water.. O O O lone pair electrons O OO O 3, ozone

.. The VSEPR Model OO C Linear The Shapes of Some Simple AB n Molecules OO S Bent OO S O Trigonal planar F F F N Trigonal pyramidal T-shapedSquare planar FF Cl F F F Xe FF F F F P F F Trigonal bipyramidal Octahedral F F F S F F F AB 6 SO 2 Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Chemistry The Central Science, 2000, page 305

KEYS - Nomenclature Objectives Worksheet - binary cmpds: single charge cation binary cmpds: single charge cationbinary cmpds: single charge cation Worksheet - ions in chemical formulas ions in chemical formulasions in chemical formulas Worksheet - ionic cmpds: polyatomic ions w multiple-charge cation ionic cmpds: polyatomic ions w multiple-charge cationionic cmpds: polyatomic ions w multiple-charge cation Worksheet - ionic formulas (binary, polyatomic, transition) ionic formulas (binary, polyatomic, transition)ionic formulas (binary, polyatomic, transition) Worksheet – ionic cmpds: traditional system of nomenclature ionic cmpds: traditional system of nomenclatureionic cmpds: traditional system of nomenclature Worksheet - covalent binary cmpds: non-metal - non-metal covalent binary cmpds: non-metal - non-metalcovalent binary cmpds: non-metal - non-metal Worksheet - ionic cmpds: polyatomic ions ionic cmpds: polyatomic ionsionic cmpds: polyatomic ions Worksheet - ionic binary cmpds: multiple charge cation ionic binary cmpds: multiple charge cationionic binary cmpds: multiple charge cation (general) Outline (general) Outline Worksheet - oxidation numbers and ionic cmpds oxidation numbers and ionic cmpdsoxidation numbers and ionic cmpds Worksheet - names and formulas of cmpds names and formulas of cmpdsnames and formulas of cmpds Worksheet - empirical and molecular empirical and molecularempirical and molecular Worksheet - vocab (bonding) vocab (bonding)vocab (bonding) Activity – bonding PP bonding PPbonding PP Activity - molecular models activity - mole pattern Worksheet - errors in chemical formulas and nomenclature errors in chemical formulas and nomenclatureerrors in chemical formulas and nomenclature Worksheet - binary compounds binary compoundsbinary compounds Worksheet - ions in chemical compounds ions in chemical compoundsions in chemical compounds Textbook - questions questions

Resources - Nomenclature Objectives WorksheetWorksheet - binary cmpds: single charge cation Worksheet Worksheet - ions in chemical formulas Worksheet Worksheet - ionic cmpds: polyatomic ions w multiple-charge cation Worksheet Worksheet - ionic formulas (binary, polyatomic, transition) Worksheet Worksheet - traditional system of nomenclature Worksheet Worksheet - covalent binary cmpds: non-metal - non-metal Worksheet Worksheet - ionic cmpds: polyatomic ions Worksheet (general) Outline (general)general Outlinegeneral WorksheetWorksheet - empirical and molecular Worksheet Worksheet - vocab (bonding) Worksheet ActivityActivity - bonding pieces bondingpieces Activitybondingpieces ActivityActivity - molecular models Activity Activity - mole pattern Activity WorksheetWorksheet - binary compounds Worksheet Worksheet - ions in chemical compounds Worksheet TextbookTextbook - questions Textbook WorksheetWorksheet - ionic binary cmpds: multiple charge cation Worksheet WorksheetWorksheet - oxidation numbers and ionic cmpds Worksheet Worksheet - names and formulas of cmpds Worksheet Worksheet - errors in chemical formulas and nomenclature Worksheet General Chemistry PP