Plate Boundaries Review Places where plates move apart are called _____________ boundaries. When continental plates diverge a ___________ is formed. When two oceanic plates converge what is created? _________________ The Appalachians formed mainly from continental plate collisions and therefore are a __________ mountain range. The force moving the plates is ____________. Convection currents divergent rift valley an island arc and a trench folded

Open Book Pop Quiz 25 minutes to complete No talking If you are caught talking it will be considered cheating and you will receive a Zero and after school detention.

Igneous Rocks-’Fire’ Rocks 4cQ 4cQ What are igneous rocks? Write 3 facts from the video.

Igneous Rocks and Minerals

Atom The smallest part of an element that has all the chemical characteristics of that element is an

Element A substance that cannot be broken down into smaller substances is an Like Hydrogen, Carbon, Lead!

Mineral A naturally occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure is a

Rock A combination of minerals that can contain organic matter.

In your notes ORGANIZE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS

Atom Element Mineral Rocks

Warm-Up Arrange the following in order from smallest to largest: Mineral Rock Atom Element

IGNEOUS ROCKS Form by solidification (crystallization) of melted minerals At the surface, LAVA hardens to form EXTRUSIVE rocks with tiny (FINE-GRAINED) crystals or GLASSY (no crystal) TEXTURES Beneath the surface, MAGMA hardens to form INTRUSIVE rocks with easily visible (COARSE-GRAINED) crystal texture.

Igneous Rocks Are Separated into Two Main Categories INTRUSIVE EXTRUSIVE

Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks are rocks that are formed from the crystallization of magma. Igneous rocks are rocks that are formed from the crystallization of magma. Heat and melting MagmaCooling and crystallization Igneous Rocks

Igneous Rocks are Categorized by Texture Texture is determined by cooling time Texture is determined by cooling time – Glassy – Fine Grained – Course Grained – Very Course Grained Cooled very fast Cooled fast Cooled slowly Cooled very slowly

Rocks Melt into Magma or Lava Magma is molten (melted) rock below the ground. Magma is molten (melted) rock below the ground. Lava is molten rock above the ground Lava is molten rock above the ground The heat that melts rock comes from the mantle. The heat that melts rock comes from the mantle.

Mineral Content Affects Magma The difference in melting points of minerals causes partial melting. The difference in melting points of minerals causes partial melting.

Minerals Natural Solid Inorganic Definite chemical composition Crystal structure due to internal arrangement of atoms

General Facts about Minerals Between 2 - 3,000 have been identified A few are “native elements” -- made of only one element, such as sulfur, gold. copper, and graphite (carbon) Most are compounds, especially the silicate group (Si, O). Other important groups are oxides, carbonates, and sulfides.

Less than a dozen are common in most rocks Quartz Feldspar (group) Muscovite (white mica) Biotite (black mica) Calcite Pyroxene Olivine Amphibole (group ) Magnetite, limonite, and other iron oxides Pyrite

Minerals are identified by their key characteristics hardness crystal shape (form) luster color streak cleavage/fracture density (specific gravity) special properties --reaction to acid --fluorescence --salty taste --magnetism

Mineral Hardness Ability to scratch another mineral Mohs scale from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond) Quartz (most common mineral and most dust particles) is 7

Crystal Shape (Form) External structure due to internal arrangement of the atoms Six basic groups of shapes, with about three dozen variations

Luster Describes how light reflects off the surface Main categories are “metallic” and “non- metallic” Non-metallic includes “dull,” glassy,” waxy,” “pearly,” and othershttp:// erals.net/mineral/sulfid es/pyrite/pyrite2.htm

Color results from ability to absorb some wavelengths and reflect others some minerals have characteristics colors others vary due to chemical differences or impurities (atoms mixed inside the main elements)

Streak Color of the powder when rubbed on a “streak plate” (unglazed porcelain) May be same as hand-specimen or different Some paint is based on powdered minerals (streaks).

Mineral cleavage/fracture Some minerals split along flat surfaces when struck hard--this is called mineral cleavage Other minerals break unevenly along rough or curved surfaces--this is called fracture A few minerals have both cleavage and fracture

Density (Specific Gravity) All minerals have density (mass / volume), but some are very dense Examples include galena, magnetite, and gold Specific Gravity is the density of the mineral compared with density of water

Special Characteristics-- the “Acid Test” Carbonates react with dilute HCl and other acids by fizzing or bubbling (releasing CO2 gas)

Special Characteristics-- Fluorescence Some minerals will glow when placed under short-wave or long-wave ultraviolet rays Franklin and Ogdensburg NJ are famous for their fluorescent minerals

Special Characteristics-- Salty Taste DO NOT TASTE MOST MINERALS! Halite is the exception--it will taste salty

Special Characteristics-- Magnetism Many iron minerals will produce an invisible magnetic force field “Lodestone” was used by Vikings more than 1,000 years ago as compasses