Simple Machines.

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 A machine is a device that makes doing work easier.  Machines can be simple.  Some, like knives, scissors, and doorknobs, are used everyday to make.

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Presentation transcript:

Simple Machines

Machines A machine is a device that changes the force or increases the motion from work. Some machines, such as knives, scissors, and doorknobs make doing work easier. Some machines, such as bicycles, increase speed. Some machines, such as an axe, change the direction of force. Some machines, such as a car jack, increase force. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Work and Machines

Types of Simple Machines A simple machine is a machine that does work with only one movement of the machine. There are six types of simple machines: lever pulley wheel and axle inclined plane screw wedge Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Work and Machines

Compound Machines A compound machine is a combination of two or more simple machines. A pair of scissors is a compound machine that combines two wedges and two levers. A bicycle is also a compound machine made up of two wheel and axle systems. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Work and Machines

Calculating Efficiency Efficiency is a measure of how much of the work put into a machine is changed into useful output work by the machine. Every machine is less than 100% efficient. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Work and Machines

SOLVE FOR EFFICIENCY Problem Response SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN Use with Example Problem 2. Problem You do 20 J of work in pushing a crate up a ramp. If the output work from the inclined plane is 11 J, then what is the efficiency of the inclined plane? SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN Set Up the Problem e = Wout Win × 100 Solve the Problem e = 11 J 20 J × 100 e = 55 percent Response ANALYZE THE PROBLEM KNOWN work in: Win = 20 J work out: Wout = 11 J UNKNOWN efficiency: e EVALUATE THE ANSWER The work out is about half of the work in. Therefore, an answer close to 50 percent is reasonable. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Work and Machines

Mechanical Advantage The ratio of the output force to the input force is the mechanical advantage of a machine. Two forces are involved when a machine is used to do work. The force that is applied to the machine is called the input force. Fin stands for the effort force. The force applied by the machine is called the output force, symbolized by Fout. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Work and Machines

Mechanical Advantage Window blinds are a machine that changes the direction of an input force. A downward pull on the cord is changed to an upward force on the blinds. The input and output forces are equal, so the MA is 1. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Work and Machines

SOLVE FOR MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE Use with Example Problem 3. Problem A crate weighs 950 N. If you can use a pulley system to lift that crate with a force of only 250 N, then what is the mechanical advantage of the pulley system? SOLVE FOR THE UNKNOWN Set Up the Problem MA = Fout Fin Solve the Problem MA = 950 N 250 N MA = 3.8 Response ANALYZE THE PROBLEM EVALUATE THE ANSWER The weight of the crate is very close to four times the force needed to lift the crate. Therefore, the mechanical advantage of the crate should be close to 4. Our answer is close to 4, so it is reasonable. KNOWN output force: Fout = 950 N input force: Fin = 250 N UNKNOWN mechanical advantage: MA Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Describing Energy