Background to Herodotus and Thucydides The Greek World Background to Herodotus and Thucydides

The Early Greek World The Rise of the Polis 1000-600 BC Collapse of the Bronze Age Monarchies Age of the Basileis The Hoplite Revolution Trade and Colonization 900-500 BC The Revival of Trade in the Tenth Century BC Phoenician Colonies Greek Colonization

Trade Routes in Antiquity There were three main trade routes connecting Britain with the Mediterranean. The western route carried goods by sea from southwestern Britain to southern Spain, in particular the Guadalquivar valley. From there, goods passed through the straits of Gibraltar into the western Mediterranean. An alternative route cut through southern Gaul, passing up the Garonne river over Narbonne to the Mediterranean. An eastern route led from eastern Britain to the mouth of the Rhine. Goods traveled up the Rhine and then crossed over to the Rhone river around Basel. Three trade routes crossed through the Alpine passes, connecting northern Europe with the Po valley and the head of the Adriatic Sea. In eastern Europe, the amber road connected the Danube and Black Sea with the Baltic. In the far east, caravan routes connected the Tigris and Euphrates valleys with the Mediterranean through northern Syria.

Colonial Expansion, 800-500 BC Massalia Cadiz Carthage

Cultural Impact I

Cultural Impact II

Greece and Persia Development of Athenian Democracy First Persian War Solon’s Reforms ca. 590 Peisistratid Tyranny 560-510 Cleisthenes’ Reforms ca. 500 First Persian War Cyrus the Great 559-529 Further Expansion under Darius 521-486 Ionian Rebellion, 500 Marathon 490 Second Persian War 481-479 Xerxes 486-465 Thermopylae 480 Salamis 480

Persian Expansion

Rise of the Athenian Empire Delian League 477 Leadership of Themistokles 493-470 Leadership of Cimon 470-461 Conflicts with Sparta and Persia Construction of Long Walls 460-457 Athenian Expedition to Egypt 456 League Treasury moved to Athens 454 Cypriot Expedition and Peace with Persia 449-448 Creation of Empire 448 30-years’ Peace with Sparta 445 Dominance of Pericles 443-429

Athens and Sparta Persian Empire Athens Sparta

Athenian Expansion, 460-445 BC Persian Empire Athens Syracuse Carthage