WATER ENVIRONMENTS Chapter 7 Describe various structures and equipment used in growing aquacrops Examples: ponds, cages, raceways, tanks, cages Describe infrastructure necessary for aquaculture production Examples: labor, feed, manufacturing, transportation

LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain structures for growing aquacrops Distinguish between pond types Explain pond construction Compare tank and raceway culture Evaluate cage culture Identify habitats for growing aquacrops Compare recirculating and closed systems Analyze infrastructure Discuss aquaculture equipment

WATER SUPPLY 70% of the earth is covered in water 97% of that is salty 3% is freshwater 2% of freshwater is frozen That leaves 1% for homes, industries, farms, livestock, aquaculture, etc. We get our water from underground aquifer

HYDROLOGIC (WATER) CYCLE

WATER AND SPECIES Water needs to be matched to the species being grown as each species has specific water requirements. There is a huge existing supply of saltwater but it has limited access. Australian redclaw crawfish need freshwater with moderate to high calcium levels. We have to add calcium to well water to make it suitable for the crawfish.

WATER FACILITIES Ponds Raceways Tanks Vats Aquariums Cages and pens

PONDS

Cobia ponds

RACEWAY PONDS

LEVEE-TYPE POND CONSTRUCTION

WATERSHED POND CONSTRUCTION

TANKS

BIOFILTERS FOR RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS

VATS

AQUARIUMS

CAGES AND PENS

SELECTING A WATER FACILITY Supply of available water – need to know the amount of water needed and available Disposal of used water – may contain feces, uneaten food and cannot be run directly into natural body of water Characteristics of water / species grown – the available water must be matched to the aquacrop or must have economical way to make it suitable

SOURCES OF WATER Wells Streams Lakes and Oceans Springs Industrial effluent Municipal water systems Recycled wastewater Surface runoff

WELLS

STREAMS (may have limited capacity)

LAKES AND OCEANS

SPRINGS

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT

MUNICIPAL WATER SYSTEMS

RECYCLED WASTEWATER

SURFACE RUNOFF

AQUACULTURE EQUIPMENT Aerators Seines Socks Boats tractors Water quality testing Trucks

AERATION

SEINES

FILTER SOCKS

BOATS IN AQUACULTURE

WATER TEST EQUIPMENT

TRUCKS

INFRASTRUCTURE Aquaculture facility – planning, production, sampling, harvesting, grading Transportation – hauling aquacrop, delivery of equipment and supplies Processor – heading, gutting, scaling, skinning, filleting, boxing, bagging, etc. Inspection – FDA/USDA, state and local agencies Warehousing – canned items like tuna, sardines, salmon

INFRASTRUCTURE Freezer plant – frozen shrimp, fish, etc. Feed production – mills, presses, extruders Equipment manufacturing – nets, tanks, meters / kits, aerators, etc. Marketing – advertising, internet sales, brokering Stores – roadside sales to global markets Restaurants – local diners to “Red Lobster”