April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 1 Wire-bonding interconnections Our experiences at the ASIC-Lab Heidelberg

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 2 Overview Introduction Technology (Ball vs. Wedge) Industry Limits or Standards? Bondtests (3) Design for Bonding (2) (Un)Related Obstacle (3)

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 3 Introduction A Wire Bonding Definition: It’s a solid phase metal welding process using heat, pressure and/or ultrasonic Power to bond a wire to a pad by means of electron sharing or interdiffusion of atoms. ProcessForceTemperatureUltrasonic PowerWirePad Thermocompression (TS)30-150cN °C-AuAl,Au Ultrasonic (US)25-45cNambient mW kHz) Al,Au Thermosonic (TS)30-90cN80-200°CAuAl,Au Al Bond Wires are alloyed with 1%Si or 1%Mg Au Bond Wires are doped with 10ppm Be or 100ppm Cu Also insulated Bond Wires are available Pure Al or Au is to soft }

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 4 Ball vs. Wedge TechniqueBall bondWedge bond ProcessTC, TSTS, US ToolCapillaryWedge Bonding Bond foot WireAuAl, Au PadAl, Au Speed<20/s<4/s

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 5 Industry Limits Minimum Bond pitch: 35µm (15µm Wire) > 3000 interconnections Process Stability: 40ppm failure rate Industry Standards? A Bond pitch of 100µm is welcome 350 Interconnections are still a lot Process Stability: 2% failure rate (Yield of 98% warranty) wedge 45µm ball 60µm (2005)

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 6 Bondtests (1/3) By increasing power, time, force and (possibly) heat, the bond foot will stick better to the pad but in the same time the wire will be flattened and the bond heel will become weaker. Pull strength vs. Wire deformation High reproducibility is a key factor so the optimum bonding parameters are found within the breakage region, directly after, but less than the maximum bond strength. This achieves maximum reproducibility and high bond strength. heel foot tail

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 7 Bondtests (2/3) The Destructive bond pull test, is the primary method to evaluate the bond strength by hooking and pulling the bonded wire until failure occurs. The purpose of this test is to examine the bond strength and to certify the proper setup of the bonding parameters. The results are important for evaluating bonding quality and reliability, as well as understanding bond failure mechanisms like cratering, Pull force dependents on the geometrical configuration of the pulling test. For absolute values, the pull test has to be be normalized. The force in each wire with the pull force at hook (F) is represented by this parallelogram of forces. In practise one should take care, that both angles are nearly the same.=>F1 = F2 = F / 2 sin  The failure during pull test may occur at one of the five positions: A. Lift off first bond B. Wire break at the heel of the first bond C. Wire break mid Loop D. Wire break at the heel of the second bond E. Lift off second bond When properly pulled and bonded, the bond should fail at B or D. Destructive bond pull test

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 8 C pk =0.66C pk =1.00C pk =1.33C pk =1.66 Bondtests (3/3) To assure the stability of the bond process you have to verify the bondability of you devices. Typically this will be checked as a incoming components inspection on a sample of each MCM Substrates lot. The forces of the bond pull test can be expected to be normal distributed. With the mean value and the sigma one can calculate the Process Capability index (C pk ). ( mean value – lower limit ) C pk = (3 * standard deviation) a C pk of at least 1.33 is desired ~ failure rate 40ppm The lower limit may vary! MIL-STD-883E: 2.5cN for 25 µ m Al wire Assembly company:7cN for 30 µ m Al wire (without normalisation) Bondability- Process Capability index This C pk definition is for processes with only a lower limit!

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 9 Design for Bonding (1/2) DieSeal 25µm Al double stackered wedge bonding IO Structure Chipedge Chipcore

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 10 Life is not easy - Boards have to be cost effective and signal tracks have to assure signal quality in first place.. but then, talk to the guy who has to do the bonding. Life is not easyLife is not easy - Boards have to be cost effective and signal tracks have to assure signal quality in first place Design for Bonding (2/2) “45 degrees” is the max fan-out angle With wires of the same length, the bonds get the same loop form (easier) The pattern recognition likes position markers

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 11 Flex materials like polyamide absorb some of the Ultrasonic Power If the flexprint is a multilayer design, then different optimum Bond parameters can occur on each pad. (Un)Related Obstacle (1/3) Flexprint

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 12 (Un)Related Obstacle (2/3) Surface Pores Contamination Scratches

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 13 (Un)Related Obstacle (3/3) Glob top is the industry standard for sealing chips on board, this Epoxy Grout comes in many viscosities, and colours. The temperature coefficient of thermal expansion fits printed circuit boards made of FR4 quite well. But larger Glob top get problems, separate chips if possible. Glob tops absorb moisture, glob toped boards which should be soldered have to be baked out first. Glob top

April 20, 2007Workshop on Silicon Detectors Systems for the CBM experiment 14 References The Nordic Electronics Packaging Guideline on Wire Bonding: A German Script about the processing of dice (FH München, Labor für Aufbau und Verbindungstechnik) (Page 12-44)