 What do we mean by “centre”? Score playing first game of SKUNK

 The centre is the one best number to describe the position of the whole group. Score playing first game of SKUNK

 Mean score 50.1, median 55  Which is better? Mean or median? Score playing first game of SKUNK

 The mean is a more efficient measure than the median.  The sample mean tends to be a better estimator of the population mean than the sample median is of the population median.  This means that confidence intervals for the mean tend to be narrower than for the median.

 What do we mean by “spread”? Score playing SKUNK with a strategy

 Spread describes how far the values in the group are from the centre, how variable they are. Score playing SKUNK with a strategy

 Students should not use range in any NCEA standard (except the numeracy unit standards).

IQR is calculated using the width of the middle 50% but it is a measure of the variability of the whole group (just as SD measures the variability of the whole group). Score playing SKUNK at first and then with a strategy

 Shift answers the question “Which is bigger?”  Overlap answers the question “How much bigger, relative to the spread?” Score playing SKUNK at first and then with a strategy

Statistical error is the difference between the sample statistic and the (unknown) population parameter.

It depends where you ask. It is defined differently in different countries. In NZ (from Statistics NZ):  Sampling error arises due to the variability that occurs by chance because a random sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed.  Non-sampling error is all error that is not sampling error.

Non-sampling error is all error that is not sampling error. Non-sampling error includes bias due to:  A sampling frame which does not represent the population  Sampling method  The sampling process  and anything else except sampling variability and choice of sample size.

 There is no statistical basis for insisting on a sample size of 30.  A sample doesn’t have to be very big to give a rough estimate of the centre of the population.  A comment that a bigger sample size would give a better estimate of the population centre would have to be justified by explaining why it would be important to have a better estimate in that context.  Sample size needs to be fairly large (over 200) to get a reasonable estimate of the population distribution.

How do we teach students to cope with unfamiliar contexts in exams?

One approach is to start with problems they can do in familiar contexts. 1. Solve the familiar problem, then replace the familiar context with an unfamiliar one, one word at a time. 2. Give them a problem in a familiar context beside an identical problem in an unfamiliar context. 3. Give them the familiar problem followed by the unfamiliar problem. 4. Give them a mix of problems in familiar and unfamiliar contexts.

A pilot study investigated if people showed some symptoms of arthritis. The results were summarised in the table shown below. genderNo symptoms of arthritis shown Some symptoms of arthritis shown Total male female total

A student asked if people were sleepy. The results are in the table shown below. genderNot sleepySleepyTotal male female total

A pilot study asked if people were sleepy. The results are in the table shown below. genderNot sleepySleepyTotal male female total

A pilot study investigated if people were sleepy. The results are in the table shown below. genderNot sleepySleepyTotal male female total

A pilot study investigated if people showed some symptoms of arthritis. The results are in the table shown below. genderNot sleepySleepyTotal male female total

A pilot study investigated if people showed some symptoms of arthritis. The results were summarised in the table shown below. genderNo symptoms of arthritis shown Some symptoms of arthritis shown Total male female total

A student asked if people were sleepy. The results are in the table shown below. A pilot study investigated if people showed some symptoms of arthritis. The results were summarised in the table shown below.

A student asked if people were sleepy. The results are in the table shown below. genderNot sleepySleepyTotal male female total

A pilot study investigated if people showed some symptoms of arthritis. The results were summarised in the table shown below. genderNo symptoms of arthritis shown Some symptoms of arthritis shown Total male female total

Students who use two-way tables are much more successful at solving Probability problems than students who use Venn diagrams.