Reilly Jobkar and Mary Ruggieri Reptiles Reilly Jobkar and Mary Ruggieri

Reptiles Domain- Eukaryote Kingdom- Animalia Phylum- Chordata Subphylum- Vertebrate Class- Reptilia

Evolutionary History Evolved 300 mya From amphibians Sharp teeth, claws and strong jaws Hunted insects for food

Evolutionary History 300 different genuses of dinosaurs Adapted to environmental conditions 65 mya mass extinction #1 hypothesis- asteroid Only 4 orders survived

Reptilian Traits Dry, scaly, waterproof skin Amniotic Egg Lungs Ectotherms Molt/shed their skin

Water-tight Skin Decreases water loss Protects against wear, tear & infections Made of keratin Thick protein Lipids repel H20

4 Orders of Modern Reptiles Chelonian Crocodilia Squamata Rynchocephalia

Order: Chelonian Traits 250 species of turtles & tortoises Beak No Teeth Oviparity Lay eggs in sand or soil

Chelonian 3. Two shells and scutes Carapace- Top dome-like Vertebrae fused to shell Ribs form off of vertebrae Plastron- lower ventral shell Protects internal organs

Chelonian 4. Body shape & adaptations Aquatic turtles Flat disk-like shell Webbed feet for swimming Terrestrial tortoises Dome shaped shell Feet are scaled and clawed

Order: Crocodilia 21 species crocodiles, alligators, caimans & gavials Large heavy armored Carnivorous Oviparity Lay eggs in nest Mother cares for young

Order: Squamata 5500 species of lizards and snakes Lizards Carnivorous Lower jaw loosely attached to skull Agile, quick & camouflaged Can detach and regrow tail

Squamata Snakes No legs Long backbone 100-400 vertebrae Ribs off of each vertebrae 100-400 vertebrae Can pop lower jaw to eat 1000’s of muscles for movement

Squamata Constriction Injection of venom Coil around prey Suffocates to death Injection of venom Hemotoxins- affects blood Neurotoxins- affects nerves

Squamata Fangs Elapids Vipers Back of throat In front of mouth Retractable on roof of mouth Ex. Copperheads and Rattlesnakes

Order: Rhynchocephalia 2 living species of Tuataras New Zealand Third eye Sun detector Crest of head Hunt insects at night

Respiratory System Purpose Made up of Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the animal and the environment Made up of Lungs Alveoli (air sacs that make up lungs) Increase surface area

Respiratory System (Continued) Mechanics Diaphragm moves and rib cage expands with inhalation Contracts with exhalation

Snake Respiratory Variation Larger right lung (1/2 length of body) and small nonfunctioning left lung

Excretory System Purpose Remove nitrogenous wastes Reptile urine is very concentrated with ammonia Includes- Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder

Digestive System Purpose One way system Break down food into usable molecules One way system Mouth to Anus Includes- Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestines, and Anus Also includes Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

Circulatory System Two loop system Systemic loop Pulmonary loop Heart to body to heart Pulmonary loop Heart to lungs to heart

Circulatory System (Continued) 3 chambered heart (2 Atria and 1 Ventricle) Lizards Snakes Turtles 4 chambered heart (2 Atria and 2 Ventricles) Crocodiles Alligators Can be partial or full

Nervous System Sight Hearing Larger eyes=better sight Tympanic membrane Except snakes Snakes use lower jaw to detect vibrations

Nervous System (Continued) Smell Jacobson’s organ Located on roof of mouth Brings in scents by using tongue All reptiles have nares except crocodiles and alligators Pits Small openings under eyes detect heat given off by prey

Nervous System (Continued) Brain Same size as amphibians’ Larger cerebrum and optic nerve

Thermoregulation (Ectotherms) Cold blooded- Use sun to regulate body temperature Reptiles and Amphibians Require less energy (1/10 of food) Cannot live in cold environments (without hibernation) Not very active

Thermoregulation (Endotherms) Warm blooded- Regulate body temperature through metabolism Mammals and Birds Lots of energy Need large quantities of food Can live anywhere Very active

Reproduction (Oviparity) Most reptiles, all birds, and 3 species of Mammals Shell formed in reproductive tract Laid outside of body

Reproduction (Ovoviviparity) Some reptiles Shell is retained in female Young hatch while inside cloaca

Reproduction (Viviparity) Most mammals Female releases egg- internal fertilization Mother houses, protects, and feeds young Young is fed via placenta

Amniotic Egg Adaptations Prevents embryo from drying out Prevents accumulation of wastes Supplies nutrients for growth and protection Supplies oxygen and water for cellular activities

Amniotic Egg Structure and Function Shell Protection and prevents water loss Tough and leathery Air Sac Breathing room while hatching Albumen Stores protein and water White

Amniotic Egg Structure and Function (Continued) Allantois Stores nitrogenous waste Exchanges Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Yolk Sac Contains nutrients and fats Amnion Thin membrane that encloses embryo Contains floating liquid

Amniotic Egg Structure and Function (Continued) Chorion Protects embryo and vital parts

Interactive Links http://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_reptiles.html http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/reptileintscav/ http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/frog/reptileid/ http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/reptiles_anatomy/ http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/explorations/lizards/level1/interact ive1.htm http://www.reptilepark.com.au/kidzoo/games/

Videos http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX00495c4f04407b6066476b.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX667942727363536c4f6d0a.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX0b4b7077565b79587d6345.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX0257417d71656750476377.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX586c58475a010b0e6a7c6b.htm

Works Cited All information was gathered from notes

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