An Introduction to Geology Sedimentary Rocks. Back to the Rock Cycle.

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Presentation transcript:

An Introduction to Geology Sedimentary Rocks

Back to the Rock Cycle

Sedimentary processes 1. Weathering 2. Transportation 3. Deposition 4. Lithification A. Existing rocks B. Biological materials C. Chemical precipitates OF

Sedimentary processes

Common sedimentary minerals Quartz Feldspars Micas Calcite

Hand specimens First impressions?

Weathering Physical / Mechanical

Weathering Chemical / Biological

Weathering = clasts

Transportation

Transport mechanisms Rivers = fluvial Seas = marine Mississippi delta

Transport mechanisms AEOLIAN (wind) Can only transport small grains GLACIAL (ice) Huge volumes of sediment

Transportation Proximity + velocity = grain size

Transport time = maturity Textural maturity:

Transport time = maturity Mineralogical maturity:

Deposition Transportation into basins

Lithification Deposition (+ deposition + deposition) = burial Burial = compaction + cementation

Compaction Stylolites in chalk

Cementation Mineral precipitation into pore spaces: e.g. calcite, quartz, haematite e.g. calcite, quartz, haematite

Hand specimens Second impressions?

Sedimentary rocks Grain size ClassificationExample >2 mm RudaceousConglomerate Particle size, shape and composition

Conglomerate

Sedimentary rocks Grain size ClassificationExample >2 mm RudaceousConglomerate mm ArenaceousSandstone Particle size, shape and composition

Sandstone

Sedimentary rocks Grain size ClassificationExample >2 mm RudaceousConglomerate mm ArenaceousSandstone mm ArgillaceousSiltstone Particle size, shape and composition

Siltstone

Sedimentary rocks Grain size ClassificationExample >2 mm RudaceousConglomerate mm ArenaceousSandstone mm ArgillaceousSiltstone <0.004 mm ArgillaceousClaystone Particle size, shape and composition

Claystone Bituminous shales, Saltwick Nab, near Whtby

Sedimentary rock types 1. Clastic (or detrital)

Sedimentary rock types 1. Clastic (or detrital)

Sedimentary rock types 2. Biogenic (or organic)

Sedimentary rock types 2. Biogenic (or organic)

Sedimentary rock types 3. Chemical (precipitates)

Hand specimens What sedimentary rock type is your specimen?

Sedimentary structures Bedding

Sedimentary structures Cross-bedding

Sedimentary structures Cross-bedding

Sedimentary structures Ripple marks

Sedimentary structures Mud cracks

Sedimentary structures Shell beds

Sedimentary structures Trace fossils

Sedimentary UK

Next week Under Pressure:Metamorphic Rocks