FUNERARY MASK OF TUTANKHAMUN From the tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings. Eighteenth Dynasty (Tutankhamun, r. c. 1332-1322 BCE), c. 1327 BCE. Gold.

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FUNERARY MASK OF TUTANKHAMUN From the tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings. Eighteenth Dynasty (Tutankhamun, r. c. 1332-1322 BCE), c. 1327 BCE. Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, height 21-1/4" (54.5 cm), weight 24 pounds (11 kg). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 60672) [Fig. 03-01] FUNERARY MASK OF TUTANKHAMUN From the tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings. Eighteenth Dynasty (Tutankhamun, r. c. 1332-1322 BCE), c. 1327 BCE. Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, height 21-1/4" (54.5 cm), weight 24 pounds (11 kg). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 60672) [Fig. 03-01]

ANCIENT EGYPT [Map 03-01] ANCIENT EGYPT [Map 03-01]

ART AND ITS CONTEXTS: Egyptian Symbols

A CLOSER LOOK: The Palette of Narmer (front) From Hierakonpolis A CLOSER LOOK: The Palette of Narmer (front) From Hierakonpolis. Early Dynastic period, c. 2950 BCE. Green schist, height 25" (64 cm). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 32169 = CG 14716) A CLOSER LOOK: The Palette of Narmer (front) From Hierakonpolis. Early Dynastic period, c. 2950 BCE. Green schist, height 25" (64 cm). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 32169 = CG 14716)

A CLOSER LOOK: The Palette of Narmer (back) From Hierakonpolis A CLOSER LOOK: The Palette of Narmer (back) From Hierakonpolis. Early Dynastic period, c. 2950 BCE. Green schist, height 25" (64 cm). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 32169 = CG 14716) A CLOSER LOOK: The Palette of Narmer (back) From Hierakonpolis. Early Dynastic period, c. 2950 BCE. Green schist, height 25" (64 cm). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 32169 = CG 14716)

RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF DJOSER'S FUNERARY COMPLEX, SAQQARA Third Dynasty, c. 2630-2575 BCE. [Fig. 03-02] RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF DJOSER'S FUNERARY COMPLEX, SAQQARA Third Dynasty, c. 2630-2575 BCE. [Fig. 03-02]

THE STEP PYRAMID AND SHAM BUILDINGS, FUNERARY COMPLEX OF DJOSER Limestone, height of pyramid 204' (62 m). [Fig. 03-03] THE STEP PYRAMID AND SHAM BUILDINGS, FUNERARY COMPLEX OF DJOSER Limestone, height of pyramid 204' (62 m). [Fig. 03-03]

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: Mastaba to Pyramid.

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: Mastaba to Pyramid.

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: Mastaba to Pyramid.

GREAT PYRAMIDS, GIZA Fourth Dynasty, c. 2575-2450 BCE GREAT PYRAMIDS, GIZA Fourth Dynasty, c. 2575-2450 BCE. Erected by (from the left) Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu. Limestone and granite, height of pyramid of Khufu, 450' (137 m). [Fig. 03-04] GREAT PYRAMIDS, GIZA Fourth Dynasty, c. 2575-2450 BCE. Erected by (from the left) Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu. Limestone and granite, height of pyramid of Khufu, 450' (137 m). [Fig. 03-04]

MODEL OF THE GIZA PLATEAU From left to right: the temples and pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu. [Fig. 03-05] MODEL OF THE GIZA PLATEAU From left to right: the temples and pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu. [Fig. 03-05]

GREAT SPHINX, FUNERARY COMPLEX OF KHAFRE Giza. Old Kingdom, c GREAT SPHINX, FUNERARY COMPLEX OF KHAFRE Giza. Old Kingdom, c. 2520-2494 BCE. Limestone, height approx. 65' (19.8 m). [Fig. 03-06] GREAT SPHINX, FUNERARY COMPLEX OF KHAFRE Giza. Old Kingdom, c. 2520-2494 BCE. Limestone, height approx. 65' (19.8 m). [Fig. 03-06]

VALLEY TEMPLE OF KHAFRE Giza. Old Kingdom, c. 2520-2494 BCE VALLEY TEMPLE OF KHAFRE Giza. Old Kingdom, c. 2520-2494 BCE. Limestone and red granite. [Fig. 03-07] VALLEY TEMPLE OF KHAFRE Giza. Old Kingdom, c. 2520-2494 BCE. Limestone and red granite. [Fig. 03-07]

KHAFRE Giza, valley temple of Khafre. Fourth Dynasty, c. 2520-2494 BCE KHAFRE Giza, valley temple of Khafre. Fourth Dynasty, c. 2520-2494 BCE. Diorite-gabbro gneiss, height 5'6 1/8" (1.68 m). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 10062 = CG 14). [Fig. 03-08] KHAFRE Giza, valley temple of Khafre. Fourth Dynasty, c. 2520-2494 BCE. Diorite-gabbro gneiss, height 5'6 1/8" (1.68 m). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 10062 = CG 14). [Fig. 03-08]

MENKAURE AND A QUEEN, PROBABLY KHAMERERNEBTY II From Giza MENKAURE AND A QUEEN, PROBABLY KHAMERERNEBTY II From Giza. Fourth Dynasty, 2490-2472 BCE. Graywacke with traces of red and black paint, height 54 1/2" (142.3 cm). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Expedition. (11.1738). [Fig. 03-09] MENKAURE AND A QUEEN, PROBABLY KHAMERERNEBTY II From Giza. Fourth Dynasty, 2490-2472 BCE. Graywacke with traces of red and black paint, height 54 1/2" (142.3 cm). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Expedition. (11.1738). [Fig. 03-09]

SEATED SCRIBE Found near the tomb of Kai, Saqqara. Fifth Dynasty, c SEATED SCRIBE Found near the tomb of Kai, Saqqara. Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE. Painted limestone with inlaid eyes of rock crystal, calcite, and magnesite mounted in copper, height 21" (53 cm). Mus√©e du Louvre, Paris. (N 2290 = E 3023). [Fig. 03-10] SEATED SCRIBE Found near the tomb of Kai, Saqqara. Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE. Painted limestone with inlaid eyes of rock crystal, calcite, and magnesite mounted in copper, height 21" (53 cm). Mus√©e du Louvre, Paris. (N 2290 = E 3023). [Fig. 03-10]

BUTCHER Perhaps from the tomb of the official Ni-kau-inpu and his wife Hemet-re, Giza? Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE. Painted limestone (knife restored), height 14-5/8" (37 cm). The Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. (10626). [Fig. 03-11] BUTCHER Perhaps from the tomb of the official Ni-kau-inpu and his wife Hemet-re, Giza? Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE. Painted limestone (knife restored), height 14-5/8" (37 cm). The Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. (10626). [Fig. 03-11]

TI WATCHING A HIPPOPOTAMUS HUNT Tomb of Ti, Saqqara. Fifth Dynasty, c TI WATCHING A HIPPOPOTAMUS HUNT Tomb of Ti, Saqqara. Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE. Painted limestone relief, height approx. 45" (114.3 cm). [Fig. 03-12] TI WATCHING A HIPPOPOTAMUS HUNT Tomb of Ti, Saqqara. Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE. Painted limestone relief, height approx. 45" (114.3 cm). [Fig. 03-12]

HEAD OF SENUSRET III Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1836-1818 BCE HEAD OF SENUSRET III Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1836-1818 BCE. Yellow quartzite, height 17 3/4" × 13 1/2" × 17" (45.1 × 34.3 × 43.2 cm). The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: William Rockhill Nelson Trust (62-11). [Fig. 03-13] HEAD OF SENUSRET III Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1836-1818 BCE. Yellow quartzite, height 17 3/4" × 13 1/2" × 17" (45.1 × 34.3 × 43.2 cm). The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: William Rockhill Nelson Trust (62-11). [Fig. 03-13]

ROCK-CUT TOMBS, BENI HASAN Twelfth Dynasty, 1938-1756 BCE. [Fig. 03-14]

PICKING FIGS Wall painting from the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan PICKING FIGS Wall painting from the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1890 BCE. Tempera facsimile by Nina de Garis. [Fig. 03-15] PICKING FIGS Wall painting from the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1890 BCE. Tempera facsimile by Nina de Garis. [Fig. 03-15]

STELE OF THE SCULPTOR USERWER Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1850 BCE STELE OF THE SCULPTOR USERWER Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1850 BCE. Limestone, red and black ink, 20 1/2" × 19" (52 × 48 cm). British Museum London. (EA 579) [Fig. 03-16] STELE OF THE SCULPTOR USERWER Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1850 BCE. Limestone, red and black ink, 20 1/2" × 19" (52 × 48 cm). British Museum London. (EA 579) [Fig. 03-16]

TECHNIQUE: Egyptian Pictorial Relief DETAIL OF THE STELE OF THE SCULPTOR USERWER IN FIG. 3-16.

STELE OF AMENEMHAT From Assasif. Late Eleventh Dynasty, c. 2000 BCE STELE OF AMENEMHAT From Assasif. Late Eleventh Dynasty, c. 2000 BCE. Painted limestone, 11" × 15" (30 × 50 cm). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 45626). [Fig. 03-17] STELE OF AMENEMHAT From Assasif. Late Eleventh Dynasty, c. 2000 BCE. Painted limestone, 11" × 15" (30 × 50 cm). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 45626). [Fig. 03-17]

RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAK New Kingdom, c. 1579-1075 BCE. [Fig. 03-18] RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAK New Kingdom, c. 1579-1075 BCE. [Fig. 03-18]

RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE HYPOSTYLE HALL, GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAK Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1292-1190 BCE. [Fig. 03-19] RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE HYPOSTYLE HALL, GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAK Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1292-1190 BCE. [Fig. 03-19]

COLUMNS WITH PAPYRIFORM AND BUD CAPITALS, HYPOSTYLE HALL, GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAK [Fig. 03-20] COLUMNS WITH PAPYRIFORM AND BUD CAPITALS, HYPOSTYLE HALL, GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAK [Fig. 03-20]

HATSHEPSUT KNEELING From Deir el-Bahri. Eighteenth Dynasty, c HATSHEPSUT KNEELING From Deir el-Bahri. Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1473-1458 BCE. Red granite, height 8'6" (2.59 m). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. [Fig. 03-21] HATSHEPSUT KNEELING From Deir el-Bahri. Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1473-1458 BCE. Red granite, height 8'6" (2.59 m). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. [Fig. 03-21]

FUNERARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL-BAHRI Eighteenth Dynasty, c FUNERARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL-BAHRI Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1473-1458 BCE. (At the far left, ramp and base of the funerary temple of Mentuhotep III. Eleventh Dynasty, r. c. 2009-1997 BCE.) [Fig. 03-22] FUNERARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL-BAHRI Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1473-1458 BCE. (At the far left, ramp and base of the funerary temple of Mentuhotep III. Eleventh Dynasty, r. c. 2009-1997 BCE.) [Fig. 03-22]

SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE FUNERARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT Deir el-Bahri SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE FUNERARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT Deir el-Bahri. [Fig. 03-23] SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE FUNERARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT Deir el-Bahri. [Fig. 03-23]

RAMOSE'S BROTHER MAY AND HIS WIFE WERENER Tomb of Ramose, Thebes RAMOSE'S BROTHER MAY AND HIS WIFE WERENER Tomb of Ramose, Thebes. Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1375-1365 BCE. [Fig. 03-24] RAMOSE'S BROTHER MAY AND HIS WIFE WERENER Tomb of Ramose, Thebes. Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1375-1365 BCE. [Fig. 03-24]

COLOSSAL FIGURE OF AKHENATEN From the temple known as the Gempaaten, built early in Akhenaten's reign just southeast of the Temple of Karnak. Sandstone with traces of polychromy, height of remaining portion about 13' (4 m). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 49528). [Fig. 03-25] COLOSSAL FIGURE OF AKHENATEN From the temple known as the Gempaaten, built early in Akhenaten's reign just southeast of the Temple of Karnak. Sandstone with traces of polychromy, height of remaining portion about 13' (4 m). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 49528). [Fig. 03-25]

AKHENATEN AND HIS FAMILY From Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna) AKHENATEN AND HIS FAMILY From Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1353-1336 BCE. Painted limestone relief, 12-1/4" × 15-1/4" (31.1 × 38.7 cm). Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (14145). [Fig. 03-26] AKHENATEN AND HIS FAMILY From Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1353-1336 BCE. Painted limestone relief, 12-1/4" × 15-1/4" (31.1 × 38.7 cm). Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (14145). [Fig. 03-26]

QUEEN TIY From Kom Medinet el-Ghurab (near el-Lahun) QUEEN TIY From Kom Medinet el-Ghurab (near el-Lahun). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1352 BCE. Wood (perhaps yew and acacia), ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis lazuli, cloth, clay, and wax, height 3-3/4" (9.4 cm). Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (21834). [Fig. 03-27] QUEEN TIY From Kom Medinet el-Ghurab (near el-Lahun). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1352 BCE. Wood (perhaps yew and acacia), ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis lazuli, cloth, clay, and wax, height 3-3/4" (9.4 cm). Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (21834). [Fig. 03-27]

NEFERTITI From Akhetaten (modern Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1353-1336 BCE. Painted limestone, height 20" (51 cm). Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (21300). [Fig. 03-28] NEFERTITI From Akhetaten (modern Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1353-1336 BCE. Painted limestone, height 20" (51 cm). Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (21300). [Fig. 03-28]

INNER COFFIN from TUTANKHAMUN'S SARCOPHAGUS From the tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings. Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1332-1322 BCE. Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, height 6' 7/8" (1.85 m), weight nearly 243 pounds (110.4 kg). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 60671) [Fig. 03-29] INNER COFFIN from TUTANKHAMUN'S SARCOPHAGUS From the tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings. Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1332-1322 BCE. Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, height 6' 7/8" (1.85 m), weight nearly 243 pounds (110.4 kg). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 60671) [Fig. 03-29]

TEMPLE OF RAMSES II Abu Simbel. Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1279-1213 BCE TEMPLE OF RAMSES II Abu Simbel. Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1279-1213 BCE. [Fig. 03-30] TEMPLE OF RAMSES II Abu Simbel. Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1279-1213 BCE. [Fig. 03-30]

SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE TEMPLE OF RAMSES II Abu Simbel. [Fig. 03-31]

REMOVAL OF THE FACE OF ONE OF THE COLOSSAL SCULPTURES OF RAMSES II AT ABU SIMBEL IN THE MID 1960S [Fig. 03-32] REMOVAL OF THE FACE OF ONE OF THE COLOSSAL SCULPTURES OF RAMSES II AT ABU SIMBEL IN THE MID 1960S [Fig. 03-32]

FISH-SHAPED PERFUME BOTTLE From Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna) FISH-SHAPED PERFUME BOTTLE From Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, reign of Akhenaten, c. 1353-1336 BCE. Core-formed glass, length 5-3/4" (14.5 cm). British Museum, London. (EA 55193) [Fig. 03-33] FISH-SHAPED PERFUME BOTTLE From Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, reign of Akhenaten, c. 1353-1336 BCE. Core-formed glass, length 5-3/4" (14.5 cm). British Museum, London. (EA 55193) [Fig. 03-33]

QUEEN NEFERTARI MAKING AN OFFERING TO ISIS Wall painting in the tomb of Nefertari, Valley of the Queens. Nineteenth Dynasty, 1290-1224 BCE. [Fig. 03-34] QUEEN NEFERTARI MAKING AN OFFERING TO ISIS Wall painting in the tomb of Nefertari, Valley of the Queens. Nineteenth Dynasty, 1290-1224 BCE. [Fig. 03-34]

JUDGMENT OF HUNEFER BEFORE OSIRIS Illustration from a Book of the Dead JUDGMENT OF HUNEFER BEFORE OSIRIS Illustration from a Book of the Dead. Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1285 BCE. Painted papyrus, height 15-5/8" (39.8 cm). British Museum, London. (EA 9901). [Fig. 03-35] JUDGMENT OF HUNEFER BEFORE OSIRIS Illustration from a Book of the Dead. Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1285 BCE. Painted papyrus, height 15-5/8" (39.8 cm). British Museum, London. (EA 9901). [Fig. 03-35]

KAROMAMA Third Intermediate period, Twenty-Second Dynasty, c KAROMAMA Third Intermediate period, Twenty-Second Dynasty, c. 945-715 BCE. Bronze inlaid with gold, silver, electrum, glass, and copper, height 23-1/2" (59.5 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris. [Fig. 03-36] KAROMAMA Third Intermediate period, Twenty-Second Dynasty, c. 945-715 BCE. Bronze inlaid with gold, silver, electrum, glass, and copper, height 23-1/2" (59.5 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris. [Fig. 03-36]

SPHINX OF TAHARQO From Temple T, Kawa, Nubia (modern Sudan) SPHINX OF TAHARQO From Temple T, Kawa, Nubia (modern Sudan). Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, c. 680 BCE. Granite, height 16" (40.6 cm); length 28-3/4" (73 cm). British Museum, London. [Fig. 03-37] SPHINX OF TAHARQO From Temple T, Kawa, Nubia (modern Sudan). Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, c. 680 BCE. Granite, height 16" (40.6 cm); length 28-3/4" (73 cm). British Museum, London. [Fig. 03-37]

ROSETTA STONE 196 BCE. British Museum, London. [Fig. 03-38]

RECOVERING THE PAST: How Early Art is Dated The hieroglyphic signs for the letters P, T, O, and L were Champollion's clues to deciphering the Rosetta Stone. RECOVERING THE PAST: How Early Art is Dated The hieroglyphic signs for the letters P, T, O, and L were Champollion's clues to deciphering the Rosetta Stone.