NS 1300 Emergence of Modern Science Chapter #18 Rock Cycle

Types of Rocks Igneous Intrusive Extrusive Pyroclastic Sedimentary Chemical Precipitates and Evaporites Fossiliferous Clastic Sorted Unsorted Metamorphic Foliated Unfoliated

Distribution of Elements in the Solar System Elements in the Sun Carbonaceous Chondrites Elements in the Earth’s Core Elements in the Earth’s Mantle Elements in the Earth’s Crust Elements in the Earth’s Hydrosphere and Atmosphere

Minerals in Earths’ Crust Oxygen = 46.6 % Silicon = 27.7 % Aluminum = 8.1 % Iron = 5 % Calcium = 3.6 % Potassium = 2.8 % Magnesium = 2.6 % All Others = 1.5 %

Mineral Identification Mineral Classes Silicates Oxides Carbonates Sulfides Sulphates Halides Phosphates Hydroxides Native Elements

Using Mineral Properties to Identify Minerals Luster Color and Streak Hardness Moh’s Scale of Hardness Cleavage Specific Gravity Special Properties

Rock Texture Random Crystalline Texture Clastic Texture Foliated Texture

Mineralogic Composition Igneous Minerals Sedimentary Minerals Metamorphism Recrystallization

Using Texture and Mineralogic Composition to Identify Rocks Igneous Rocks Intrusive Extrusive Pyroclastic Sedimentary Rocks Clastic Nonclastic Metamorphic Rocks Foliated Unfoliated

Igneous Rock Texture Phaneritic Coarse-Grained Medium-Grained Fine-Grained Aphanitic Glassy Vesicular Pyroclastic Porphyritic

Igneous Mineral Composition Felsic Granite Rhyolite Mafic Basalt Gabbro Intermediate Diorite Andesite

Bowen’s Reaction Series Continuous Reaction Series Discontinuous Reaction Series

Using Texture and Mineralogic Characteristics to Identify Igneous Rocks Phaneritic Amount of Quartz Amount and Type of Feldspar Ferromagnesian Minerals Aphanitic Texture Color Porphyritic Phenocrysts

Sedimentary Rocks Sediment Formation Mechanical and Chemical Weathering Sediment Transport Water, Ice, Wind and Gravity Sediment Deposition Environment of Deposition

Non-marine Terrigenous Lacustrine Marine Littoral Pelagic Transitional

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Sorting Grain Size Boulders Pebbles Sand Silt Clay Rounding

Classification by Grain Size Unsorted Conglomerate Breccia Sorted Quartz Sandstone Arkose Graywacke Siltstone Shale

BioClastic Sedimentary Rocks Micritic Limestone Pelletal Limestone Oolitic Limestone Chalk Fossiliferous Limestone Coquina

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Precipitates Limestone Dolomite Travertine Chert Evaporites Gypsum Halite

Other Compositions Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks Dolomite Coal

Sedimentary Structures Cross-Stratification Graded Bedding Ripple-Marks Mud Cracks

Metamorphic Processes Recrystallization Crystallization Rotation

Metamorphic Mineral Composition Pelitic Shale to Slate to Phylite to Schist to Gneiss Arenaceous Granite to Schist to Gneiss Mafic Andesite to Schist to Gneiss Calcareous Limestone to Marble

Conditions of Metamorphism Contact Metamorphism Regional Metamorphism

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks Foliated Slate Phyllite Schist Gneiss Unfoliated Marble Quartzite

Rock Cycle