By Seong Taek Bpang Mar/07/2011 Desalination A part of an alternative solution to meet the water in demand? Notes Use the Notes section for delivery notes or to provide additional details for the audience. View these notes in Presentation View during your presentation. Keep in mind the font size (important for accessibility, visibility, videotaping, and online production) Coordinated colors Pay particular attention to the graphs, charts, and text boxes. Consider that attendees will print in black and white or grayscale. Run a test print to make sure your colors work when printed in pure black and white and grayscale. Graphics, tables, and graphs Keep it simple: If possible, use consistent, non-distracting styles and colors. Label all graphs and tables. By Seong Taek Bpang Mar/07/2011

Table of Contents Definition/Back ground Operating process Types of desalination World trend Issue of desalination * Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings

Current Status of water According to IDA Fresh water is app 3% of world water deposit Less than 30 % of the water, ground and surface water, are available for daily use within the 3 percent

Increasing demand and unreliable supply Increasing population and water demand The expected population growth is about 2.6 billion in next 45 years, and it would mostly be from developing countries according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Unreliable supply Due to the climate change and pollution, traditional method of collecting water is becoming unreliable. Ex- Australia, a country relied on collecting rain fall water is now looking for alternatives such as desalination due to the drought and low rain fall Ex- Southern California dependence of Colorado river.

Christopher Gasson of Global Water Intelligence (GWI) “People do desalination when they run out of opportunities, and the problem is the world overall is running out of opportunities: groundwater is overexploited to the extent it’s becoming saline and unusable; rivers are being drained; new dams are becoming less and less viable [and] long-distance transfer is expensive and controversial.”

What is Desalination? Desalination is the process of removing dissolved salt and other minerals from seawater to create freshwater The fact that desalination requires sea water the construction of a plant is limited by location Majority of desalination plants are operating and being built in middle eastern country and Pacific island

General Process diagram of Desalination Pant Water feed Pre treatment Desalination Unit Post treatment Fresh water brine Filtering Large particles Screening Floatation Sedimentation coagulation Chlorination UV treatment pH adjustment CO2 absorption Limestone (CaCO3) pH adjustment Chlorination Re-mineralization

Varying post treatment according to application Drinking water Irrigation water Process water Sodium chloride < 450 mg/L SAR optimization minimized Calcium, Magnesium Hardness 6-10oD pH 6.5-8.5 Boron <0.5 mg/L (WHO) <1 mg/L (EU) Crop dependent Disinfection Required Not required

Different Types of desalination technology Thermal desalination Multi-stage flash (MSF) Multiple-effect distillation (MED) vapor-compression (VC) Membrane desalination Reverse Osmosis (RO) Electro dialysis reversal (EDR) Nano filtration Membrane distillation Others include Solar , and Geothermal desalination

Thermal desalination (Conventional) Usually requires large amount of energy Good combination with Power plant (Dual purpose) Thermal Desalination plant can use thermal energy (Low grade energy) that has been exhausted from the power plant. For MSF distillation process distillers are coupled with extraction condensing or back pressure steam turbine Most of the desalination plant in middle eastern is dual purpose desalination plant to achieve low operating cost.

Multi stage flash desalination

Shoaiba MSF desalination plant in Saudi Arabia

Membrane desalination Semi permeable membrane is used for processing water Relatively lower energy consumption of Energy compared to thermal desalination Driving force is supplied by a pump (Electricity) Typical operating pressure of sea water reverse osmosis is 600~1000 psi Typical operating pressure of brackish water is 30-250psi

Reverse Osmosis Osmosis Reverse Osmosis What are the dependencies that affect the timeline, cost, and output of this project?

Spiral construction of membrane

World largest RO desalination plant in Saudi Arabia

Trend of desalination Plant Membrane desalination is being favored over thermal desalination Development of membrane technology Increased durability of membrane During 1980 and 1990 the life time of membrane was 2~3 y; life time of membrane these days are 7~7.5 y Capacity of processing water per membrane Increased efficiency of membrane Typical efficiency of a membrane is reported to be 48% Reduced cost of membrane production

Economic side of desalinated of water Typical cost of desalinated water (1 m3 =264 gallon) sea water desalting 0.75- 1.25 US $ /m3 brackish water desalting 0.25- 0.60 US $ / m3 Cost of traditional supply of water 0.24-0.66 US $ /m3 Desalinated water cost component capital costs 30 - 50 (%) energy costs 30 - 50 (%) other costs (labor, chemicals, etc) 20 - 30 (%) Depending on the location desalinated water can be competitive with other sources of water

Comparison of the two type MSF desalination Benefits: low operating cost when it is co-located with power plant Relatively low quality of feed water compared to RO. Cons: High operating cost when sources of heat is not available High rates of corrosion and scale formation RO desalination Benefits: Low energy intense (Reduced energy consumption) High quality process water Compact plant design Cons: Higher capital cost Re-mineralization is needed Comparison in terms of energy usage Average thermal desalination produce 23.41kgCO2/m3 Average reverse osmosis would produce 1.78kgCO2/m3

Issues and Misconception of Desalination Major concerns: Effects of open water intake to marine life Fish eggs Fish larvae Plankton Pollution due to the brine Highly concentrated brine water is denser than sea water Increase in CO2 emission Duplicate this slide as necessary if there is more than one issue. This and related slides can be moved to the appendix or hidden if necessary.

Efforts in conserving environment Redesigning intake pipe and discharge pipe Offshore intake Sub sea bed intake Passive intakes Use of an alternative energy sources for desalination plant Majority of the desalination plant in Australia is Wind powered Saudi Arabia, a world’s largest producing country is investigating use of solar powered desalination plant. More energy efficient design Combining technology's of both thermal and Membrane Outfall pipe Multi port diffusor Blending with cooling tower water

Growing industry As of year 2007, approximately 7,500 desalination plants are operating world wide. 60 % of the plants are located in Middle East Desalination industry is growing 10 to 15 % on average per year

World wide desalination water production

Questions?

References http://www.aboutmyplanet.com/environment/is-desalination-a-solution-to-water-shortages/ http://www.greenfudge.org/2010/04/01/global-water-woes-mean-desalination-on-the-rise/ http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/water-desalination http://hbfreshwater.com/desalination-101/desalination-worldwide http://www.idswater.com/Common/Paper/Paper_90/Desalination%20Methods,%20Technology,%20and%20Economics1.htm http://www.lenntech.com/processes/desalination/post-treatment/general/desalination-postreatment.htm http://www.membranes-amta.org/amta_media/pdfs/6_MembraneDesalinationCosts.pdf http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Archive/Communiques/1995/WATER%20DESALINATION http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/unit/oea59e/ch20.htm#TopOfPage http://people.uwec.edu/piercech/desalination/MSF.htm http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/06/water-desalination-ottawa-student.php http://www.wateradditives.com/Repository/Files/Desalination.pdf http://waterweek.wordpress.com/2007/09/25/power-hungry-seawater-desalination-adds-to-co2-emissions-reverse-osmosis-at-178kg-of-co2m3-clear-winner-over-thermal-distillation/ http://www.waterworld.com/index/display/article-display/4372157651/articles/waterworld/drinking-water/treatment/desalination/from-seawater_to_drinking.html http://www.worldwater.org/data20062007/Table21.pdf