The Treaty of Versailles June 1919

The Big Four Woodrow Wilson USA David Lloyd-George Great Britain Georges Clemenceau France Vittorio Orlando Italy

The Big Four at Versailles in 1919

What did France want from the treaty? Security Revenge Reparations Clemenceau : The Tiger

David Lloyd-George In public Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti-German at the end of the war. In private he realized that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner. What did Britain Want?

Woodrow Wilson What did America Want? Woodrow Wilson wanted the treaty to be based on his Fourteen Points He believed Germany should be punished but not severely. He wanted a just settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful

Wilson Presents His Plan Fourteen Points-Plan for World Peace Fourteen Points-Plan for World Peace Fourteen Points speech given before Congress, points divided into three groups Fourteen Points speech given before Congress, points divided into three groups First 5 points Wilson believed had to be addressed to prevent another war First 5 points Wilson believed had to be addressed to prevent another war

14 POINTS 1. There should be no secret treaties among nations. 2. Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all. 3. Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade. 4. Arms should be reduced “to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses during diplomatic crises 5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialistic powers

14-points continued 6-13 dealt with boundary changes 6-13 dealt with boundary changes 14 th point called for a creation of and international organization to address the diplomatic crises like those that had sparked the war 14 th point called for a creation of and international organization to address the diplomatic crises like those that had sparked the war League of Nations- provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without war League of Nations- provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without war

The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan Peace Conference did not include Central Powers or Russia Peace Conference did not include Central Powers or Russia Treaty of Versailles-created new nations, shifted boundaries, and barred Germany from maintaining an Army Treaty of Versailles-created new nations, shifted boundaries, and barred Germany from maintaining an Army Germany made to pay reparations-pay war damages amounting to 33 billion Germany made to pay reparations-pay war damages amounting to 33 billion

Treaty’s Weaknesses Flaws in the treaty sowed the seeds of postwar international problems that eventually lead to WWII Flaws in the treaty sowed the seeds of postwar international problems that eventually lead to WWII Treaty humiliated Germany Treaty humiliated Germany War-Guilt Clause-forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI War-Guilt Clause-forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI No way Germany could pay the bill No way Germany could pay the bill Russia was excluded from the peace conference and lost more territory than Germany (Russia had the most causalities in war and fought for 3 years) Russia was excluded from the peace conference and lost more territory than Germany (Russia had the most causalities in war and fought for 3 years)

Debate of the Treaty Some believed treaty was too harsh Some believed treaty was too harsh A few felt that the League of Nations threatened US isolationism and the constitutional right of Congress to declare war A few felt that the League of Nations threatened US isolationism and the constitutional right of Congress to declare war Wilson set out in the US and spoke about the League of Nations Wilson set out in the US and spoke about the League of Nations Became ill on October 2, 1919 and suffered a stroke Became ill on October 2, 1919 and suffered a stroke US Senate rejected the League of Nations and signed a separate treaty w/ Germany in 1921 US Senate rejected the League of Nations and signed a separate treaty w/ Germany in 1921

THE LEGACY OF THE WAR Many Americans looked forward to return to “normalcy” Many Americans looked forward to return to “normalcy” World War I had many changes in the U.S. World War I had many changes in the U.S. Strengthened military Strengthened military Social change for African Americans and Women Social change for African Americans and Women Called WWI “the war to end all wars” Called WWI “the war to end all wars” Treaty of Versailles settled nothing Treaty of Versailles settled nothing Adolf Hitler emerged as an angry WWI vet and rose to power in Germany Adolf Hitler emerged as an angry WWI vet and rose to power in Germany

100,000 De-militarised The Military Clauses

Territorial Losses Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies Alsace-Lorraine was given to France

Posen was given to Poland so that she would have access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany.

The Rhineland was to be de- militarized

The Saar coalfields were given to France for fifteen years The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the League of Nations

"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." Article 231 The War Guilt Clause GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR

REPARATIONS Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was later fixed at £6,600 million

Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria

How did Germans React to the Treaty? Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a dictated peace. They had not been invited to the peace conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was presented to them they were threatened with war if they did not sign it. The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been promised it would. Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe. Many Germans believed the German economy would be crippled by having to pay reparations.

The Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28th June It officially ended the 1st World War. Many historians believe that it was a major cause of the 2nd World War. Most Germans were horrified by the harshness of the Treaty. There was anger amongst all groups in Germany, no matter what their political beliefs. Some German newspapers called for revenge for the humiliation of Versailles. However anger was also directed against the government in Germany. Already there was a myth growing in the country that the German army had been “stabbed in the back” by politicians…the so called “November Criminals”. Now these same politicians had signed the “Diktat”, the dictated peace. The new democracy in Germany was now closely linked with the humiliation of Versailles.