The Imperial Age - Japan The Era of Warrior Dominance Korea & The Making of Vietnam Chapter 13

Japan: The Imperial Age 7 th to 9 th C – Nara - first emergence of a strong Japanese state Political development – limited - members of the imperial family struggled for power with the Buddhist clergy Taika Reforms – began w/ land reform, based on Confucianism True aim was greater centralization / enhance the power of the imperial court aristocracy/Buddhist monks opposed Heian Dynasty - Capital to Heian (Kyoto) -Abandoned Taika reforms -Aristocracy restored to power

Ultra civilized Court Life & the Decline of Imperial Power Elite Codes of behavior Aesthetic enjoyment Poetry Women & men take part  Lady Murasaki - Tale of Genji – world’s oldest known novel Fujiwara family  Cooperate with Buddhists Powerful regional lords (bushi – men of the bow – early Samurai) Samurai – warriors – loyal to local warlords, not the Emperor  Special code  Family honor  Death rather than defeat - Peasants lose status & freedom  Worship Salvationist Buddhism The last minutes of Minamoto Yorimasa's life; he was about to commit the suicide after losing his war against the Taira – started the tradition of honorable suicide ('seppuku' in Japanese)

Era of Warrior Dominance 11 th & 12 th C Taira & Minamoto – violent family rivalries  fought for control in Gempei Wars 1185 Minamoto (family of famous archers) victorious Established Bakufu - military govt  Declining Influence of China  Emperor under control of Shoguns Mongol invasion of Japan massive Mongol forces w/ superior naval technology and weaponry attempted a full- scale invasion of the Japanese islands A famous typhoon referred to as kamikaze - divine wind -credited w/ destruction of both Mongol invasion forces – strong defenses on island of Kyūshū Japanese successful in stopping the Mongols, the invasion BUT – devastating repercussions  extinction of the Kamakura shogunate

Age of the Warlords 14 th C Short reestablishment of imperial rule under the Emperor Go-Daigo by Ashikaga Takauji Ashikaga Shogunate established  Emperor driven from Kyoto  central authority weakened civil war b/w Ashikaga factions 300 states - Ruled by regional warlords (daimyo) Toward Barbarism?  Warfare becomes more brutal Daimyo support commerce Zen Buddhism  practiced by elite  new connection with China Samurai boarding Mongol ships in 1281

Korea – influenced by China & Japan 109 B.C.E. - Choson kingdom conquered by Han Koguryo people - resist Chinese dominance Sinification increases after Han ousted b/c Buddhism Silla, Koguryo dynasties ( )  copied Tang cities  Aristocracy most influenced by Chinese culture (Confucianist social hierarchy) Peak of Chinese influence Revolts against Koguryo dynasty Caused by labor, tax burdens Weakened gov’t Mongol invasion- brought turmoil Yi dynasty founded - Lasted until 1910 North & South were separate, but greatly influenced each other

The Making of Vietnam Chinese push south to Red River valley Viets (native peoples) – Retain cultural distinctiveness Women generally have higher status; examples?? Han China Conquest and Sinification 111 BCE - Vietnam becomes a tributary to Han Dynasty  direct political & economic control  Chinese culture systematically (forcibly) introduced

Roots of Resistance Resistance from aristocracy & peasants – united to fight common enemy PLUS Women participated! 39 C.E. - Revolt of Trung sisters Independence; lasted until 19 th C  Distance from China helps resistance Le Dynasty ( )  Used Chinese-style bureaucracy Procession commemorating the Trưng Sisters in the early 20th century

The Vietnamese Drive South Indianized Khmer & Chams defeated Viets expand into Mekong delta region Expansion and Division Hanoi - far from frontiers Cultural divisions develop following intermarriage w/ Chams & Khmers Nguyen dynasty – last ruling family of Vietnam  Capital at Hue by late 1500s  Challenge Trinh power in North  Rivalry until 18th century Nguyen family symbol