1 Average reservoir residence times ReservoirAverage residence time Antarctica20,000 years Oceans3,200 years Glaciers20 to 100 years Seasonal snow cover2 to 6 months Soil moisture1 to 2 months Groundwater: shallow100 to 200 years Groundwater: deep10,000 years Lakes50 to 100 years Rivers2 to 6 months Atmosphere9 days

The Rock Cycle Thinking about relationships among the major rock groups

Vocabulary Types of rocks: Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary How rocks are changed: Chemical weathering Physical weathering Metamorphism Layers of the Earth: Core Mantle Crust Movement: Convection Earthquake Subduction zone Transform fault 3

Layers of the Earth 4

Plate Tectonics 5

Convection 6

7

8 Major Rock Groups Igneous –Formed from a melt (molten rock) –Plutonic (intrusive):slow cooling and crystallization –Volcanic (extrusion): quick cooling at the surface

Sedimentary –Formed at the Earth’s surface –Clastic (Mineral Fragments or grains, clays) –Chemical (crystalline chemical/biochemical precipitates) Metamorphic –Changed by pressure, temperature and fluids. 9

Fig. 2.9 MAGMA

11 MAGMA Crystallization IGNEOUS

12 MAGMA IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization

13 MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Crystallization

14 MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic Uplift Crystallization Weathering

15 MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT Uplift Crystallization Weathering SEDIMENT

16 MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY Uplift Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition

17 MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY Uplift Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition

18 MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Uplift Burial Increased P&T Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition

19 MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Uplift Burial Increased P&T Melting Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Can you see any shortcuts?

20 MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Uplift Burial Increased P&T Melting Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition

The rock cycle demonstrates the relationships among the three major rock groups It is powered by the interior heat of the Earth As well as earth’s momentum and… The energy from the sun It involves processes on the Earth’s surface as well as the Earth’s interior It connects the “hydrologic cycle” with the “tectonic cycle”. In Conclusion…

23 MAGMA Volcanic IGNEOUS Plutonic SEDIMENT SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Uplift Burial Increased P&T Melting Crystallization Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition