Assessing Health Effects of Particulate Matter Using MODIS Aerosol Data Zhiyong Hu

Background Tropospheric aerosols: liquid or solid particles suspended in the air Natural sources: sea-spray uplift, soil-dust uplift, volcanic eruptions, natural biomass burning, plant material emissions, and meteoric debris. Anthropogenic sources: fugitive dust emissions, biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, and industrial sources. Fine mode aerosol: <=2μm (homogeneous nucleation and emissions from combustion and biomass burning). Course mode: > 2 μm (sea-spay, natural soil dust, and fugitive soil dust).

Aerosol Optical Depth Aerosol optical depth (AOD): or aerosol optical thickness, the optical depth due to extinction by the aerosol component of the atmosphere. The total optical depth is comprised of molecular optical depth (due to scattering), gaseous optical depth (due to absorption), and cloud and aerosol optical depths (due to scattering and absorption). Molecular optical depth depends only upon surface pressure and wavelength. For a clear sky the optical depths due to gaseous absorption can be calculated for each wavelength allowing the aerosol optical depth to be separated by satellite remote sensing. Fine AOD: the part of the total AOD contributed by fine aerosols.

Health Effects of Fine Aerosol Particles Although most regulations of air pollution focus on gases, aerosol particles cause more visibility degradation and possibly more health problems than do gases (Jacobson, 2002). PM 2.5 causes the most severe health problems, e.g., cardiopulmonary problems, respiratory illness, and premature death. For the use of public health assessment, particulate matter ground monitoring data often lacks spatially complete coverage. Some studies have found that AOD calculated from satellite remotely sensed imagery are positively correlated to ambient PM concentrations.

Onboard NASA Satellites Terra & Aqua –Launched 1999, 2002 –705 km polar orbits, descending (10:30 a.m.) & ascending (1:30 p.m.) Sensor Characteristics –36 spectral bands ranging from 0.41 to µm –Cross-track scan mirror with 2330 km swath width –Spatial resolutions: 250 m (bands 1 - 2) 500 m (bands 3 - 7) 1000 m (bands ) –2% reflectance calibration accuracy MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)

Pixel-level (level-2) products –Cloud mask for distinguishing clear sky from clouds. –Cloud radiative and microphysical properties. –Cloud top pressure, temperature, and effective emissivity. –Cloud optical thickness, thermodynamic phase, and effective radius –Aerosol optical properties Optical depth over the land and ocean Size distribution (parameters) over the ocean –Atmospheric moisture and temperature gradients –Column water vapor amount Gridded time-averaged (level-3) atmosphere product. Daily, 8-day, and monthly products (1°  1° equal angle grid). MODIS Atmosphere Products

MONITORING AND FORECASTING OF AIR QUALITY: AEROSOLS Annual mean PM2.5 concentrations (2002)derived from MODIS AODs van Donkelaar et al. [JGR 2007]

Objective and Methods of the Study Objective: use of aerosol data derived from satellite remote sensing as an air pollution indicator to assess the health effect of particulate matter Methods - Assess MODIS level 2 hourly AOD against EPA hourly PM 2.5 monitoring data. - Use MODIS Level 3 yearly mean fine AOD to explore relationship b/w fine AOD and EPA PM 2.5 annual summary data. - Map comparison, and spatial statistical modeling.

Disease Data Low birth weight (by county) - CDC WONDER Online Database. - Counts of all birth weights and low birth weights (< 2,500 gram). - Each birth record represents one living baby. - Year born: Gestational age at birth: weeks. - Counties with a total population less than 100,00 report births under “Unidentified counties” and thus, were excluded from analysis. Stroke mortality (by county) (ICD-10 code: I64) - CDC WONDER Online Database. - Total population, death count, age-adjusted rate (using the census 2000 standard population). - “Unreliable” data removed from the analysis.

Assess MODIS level 2 hourly AOD against EPA PM2.5 monitoring data 120 AOD images used, covering March 1 – October 31

Pm2.5 = AOD R square = Adjusted R square = P < 0.001

MODIS Level 3 Fine AOD Monthly mean AOD, Monthly mean fraction of AOD in the fine mode. Fine mode AOD were calculated by multiplying monthly mean AOD by fine fraction. Yearly mean fine AODs calculated by averaging the monthly mean. However, winter months (11, 12, 1, 2) data were not used due to unsuccessful retrieval of data for parts of northern regions covered by snow and ice (the land “deep blue” algorithm relies on dark targets).

PM 2.5 = FAOD R 2 = Adjusted R 2 = P < 0.001

RMSE = 2.76 ug/m 3 PM2.5 = FAOD

Low birth weight rate vs. fine AOD

Spatial Autocorrelation Uni-variate Moran’s I: mean rate in neighbors vs. low birth weight rate. Bi-variate Moran’s I: Average Low birth weight in neighbors vs. fine AOD

Bivariate LISA Cluster Map LISA - Local indicators of spatial autocorrelation

Statistical Modeling of Low Birth Weight Rate and Fine AOD -Spatial Lag Model

Age-adjusted Stroke Mortality Rate vs. Fine AOD

Spatial Autocorrelation Age adjusted stroke mortality rate vs. mean rate in the neighbors. Mean age-adjusted stroke mortality rate in the neighbors vs. fine AOD.

Bi-variate LISA Cluster Map

Statistical Modeling of Age Adjusted Stroke Death Rate and Fine AOD - Spatial Lag Model

Conclusions U.S. southeast-east regions have higher fine AOD values than west-northwest regions. Significant positive relation between AOD and PM2.5 in Eastern US. Significant positive relation b/w PM25 and Fine AOD. Low birth weight rate and age adjusted stroke mortality rate show similar spatial pattern as fine AOD. There are positive association between fine AOD and low birth weight as well as stroke. Satellite measurement of AOD could directly be used as an air pollution indicator for public health effect assessment in the lack of ground monitoring data.

This study is a component of the "Assessment of Environmental Pollution and Community Health in Northwest Florida" supported by U.S. EPA Cooperative Agreement Award X to the University of West Florida. The content of this report are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the U.S. EPA. Acknowledgements