Construct Wall Framing BCGCA3004B Construct Wall Framing

Wall Framing National Construction Code states that

What does this mean NSW law has adopted the National Construction Code (NCC) as “Building Law” The “Building Law” says that the methods outline in AS 1684.2 will comply with this law. So if you follow the methods outlined in AS 1684.2, unless otherwise stated you do not need any other design assistance e.g. Engineer etc.

AS 1684.2 Scope Page 9 Section 1.1

AS 1684.2 Scope Page 9 Section 1.1 This means that this standard only applies the Residential Buildings (Class 1) or Garages & Carports (Class 10).

Wall Frame Members Parts of a frame perform specific functions - supporting live & dead loads - resist Racking Forces - resist Overturning Forces - resist Sliding Forces - resist Uplift Forces -Most members provide a face to accept linings (this means that member sizes may be limited)

Live Load

Dead Load

Racking Forces Wind

Overturning Forces Wind

Sliding Forces Wind

Uplift Forces Wind

What is a Timber Frame Structurally Connected Timber Members Resist Forces Forming a Wall Frame to meet requirements Height Load Roof, Upper Levels etc Openings

Timbers Generally Used Radiata Pine F5 MGP 10 Higher Grades for Lintels etc. Oregon Hardwood Generally only used for Lintels etc. Engineered Timbers

Basic Frame Components Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

Common Stud Main Vertical component of the wall Transfer Loads from Top Plate to Bottom Plate Accept wall finishes Straightness will affect the quality Accept fittings & Fixtures Driers, Shelving etc.

Common Studs Vertical members placed between the plates The set the wall height Studs in external frames resist Wind Loads Generally Stud sizes are 90mm or 70mm wide by 45mm or 35mm in seasoned timbers and 75mm or 100mm wide by 50mm or 38mm in seasoned timbers. Required Stud sizes can be found in AS 1684.2 Supplements (which we will look at Shortly)

Common Studs May be Straightened to provide acceptable wall Only 20% of Studs may be Straightened Studs at sides of Openings & Supporting Concentrated Loads shall not be Crippled

Straightening Refer to Page 59 of AS 1684.2

Confirmation of Learning On A4 page supplied draw & label an Isometric view showing the method of Crippling Studs

Frame Components Common Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – Cost v Size, Usually MGP10 Level – Upper/Single or Lower Select Correct Table – For member Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Applicable to Double Storey Only Upper Floor Load Width – Applicable to Double Storey Only Roof Material – Tile/Metal Rafter/Truss Spacing – Roof Panel Width Stud Spacing – How much of Roof Panel does it carry Stud Height – The Taller a stud the less load it can carry Roof Load Width – Roof Panel Length Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Worked Example Determining Studs Refer to Supplied Plans Determine minimum sizes of Studs External Walls at rear (Single Storey Section) At Point marked 1 External Walls at front (Two Storey Section) At Point marked 2 (Lower Level) At Point marked 3 (Upper Level) Present this to your trainer for confirmation of Understanding and recording of completion of the task

Select Stud

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Select Correct Table – Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Roof Material – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Roof Material – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Roof Material – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height – 2700 Roof Load Width -

3 Options

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Level Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing – N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height - 2700 Roof Load Width - 5400

Select the best For the Situation 70 x 35 Most Suitable 75mm

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Select Correct Table – Roof Material – Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Lower Level Select Correct Table – Roof Material – Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 36 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Upper Floor Joist Spacing – Upper Floor Load Width – Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing –N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm Rafter/Truss Spacing – Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm Rafter/Truss Spacing – N/A Stud Spacing – Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm Rafter/Truss Spacing – N/A Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height – Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Roof Material – Tile Roof Upper Floor Joist Spacing – 600mm Upper Floor Load Width – 3000mm Rafter/Truss Spacing – N/A Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height – 2700mm Roof Load Width -

To Determine Studs – Answer the Questions Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Level Select Correct Table – Table 7 Studs Not Notched Upper Floor Joist Spacing – N/A Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Rafter/Truss Spacing – 600mm Stud Spacing – 600mm Stud Height - 2700 Roof Load Width - 3800

Most Suitable 75mm Most Suitable 90mm

Confirmation of Learning Refer to Supplied Plans Trainer to Provide Rafter/Truss Spacing Stud Spacing Roof Load Width = ½ Span ÷ Cos (Pitch°) Determine minimum sizes of Studs External Walls at rear (Single Storey Section) At Point marked 1 External Walls at front (Two Storey Section) At Point marked 2 (Lower Level) At Point marked 3 (Upper Level)

Basic Frame Components Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

Jamb Studs Additional Studs placed at sides of Openings in walls carrying structural loads Accommodate extra loads imposed by Lintels

Jamb Studs - Notching

Jamb Studs - Housing Why Bother 2/75 x 3.8mm is more than enough Housings not allowed in Load Bearing Walls

Frame Components Jamb Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – Cost v Size. Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Is it taking 1st Floor Load. Select Correct Table – Common, Jamb or Concentrated Loads Studs. Upper Floor Load Width – Floor Load Panel Length (Only Applies to 2 Storey). Roof Material – Tile or Metal Roof Roof Load Width – Roof Load Panel Length Lintel Span – Opening being Spanned Stud Height – Taller Stud has less ability to carry load. Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Frame Components Jamb Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 11 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Load Width – Lintel Span – Stud Height – Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Frame Components Jamb Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 11 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Load Width – 5400 Lintel Span – Stud Height – Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Frame Components Jamb Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 11 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Load Width – 5400 Stud Height – 2700 Lintel Span – Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Frame Components Jamb Studs What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 11 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Roof Load Width – 5400 Stud Height – 2700 Lintel Span – 1900 Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Most Suitable for 75mm Most Suitable for 90mm

Studs for Concentrated Loads

Studs for Concentrated Loads See Page 67 - AS 1684.2 - 2006 Point Load from Beam etc. that gathers load from other structural members

Studs for Concentrated Loads See Page 67 - AS 1684.2 - 2006 Point Load from Beam etc. that gathers load from other structural members Beams etc. > 3000mm that take loads from Strutting Beams Roof Struts Girder Trusses or Hanging Beams

Frame Components Studs Supporting Concentrated Loads` What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – Cost v Size. Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Is it taking 1st Floor Load. Select Correct Table – Common, Jamb or Concentrated Loads Studs. Upper Floor Load Width – Floor Load Panel Length (Only Applies to 2 Storey). Roof Material – Tile or Metal Roof Stud Height – Taller Stud has less ability to carry load. Roof Area Supported – Roof Load Imposed Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Frame Components Studs Supporting Concentrated Loads` What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 9 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Stud Height – Roof Area Supported – Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Frame Components Studs Supporting Concentrated Loads` What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 9 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Stud Height – 2700 Roof Area Supported – Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Frame Components Studs Supporting Concentrated Loads` What Consideration For Selection Determine Required Grade – MGP 10 Upper or Single Level) or Lower Level – Single Select Correct Table – Table 9 Upper Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Material – Tile Stud Height – 2700 Roof Area Supported – (4.150 x 5.400) ÷ 4 = 5.6m2 = 4.150 = 5.400 Note – Dimensions are in metres

Therefore a 70 x 45 is sufficient

Studs supporting concentrated Loads It is important that you develop the ability to recognise the location of Concentrated Loads This will allow you to install the required studs while manufacturing the frames

Discuss Concept of Pattern Stud Common Studs Lintel Positions Trimmers

Basic Frame Components Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

Frame Components Bottom Plate Horizontal member that form the bottom of the frame. Bottom plate must run full length of wall, except at openings (cl 6.2.2) Bottom plates are joined with butt joints with fixing near the joint Joints must be fully supported

Frame Components Bottom Plate Horizontal member that form the bottom of the frame. Bottom plate must run full length of wall, except at openings (cl 6.2.2) Bottom plates are joined with butt joints with fixing near the joint Joints must be fully supported Where the Bottom Plate Supports a concentrated Load or Jamb Studs to openings > 1200, the bottom plate must be fully supported

Frame Components Bottom Plate Sizing Bottom plate sizing is dependent on its span If it is fully supported (e.g. Concrete Slab) only nominal 35mm thickness required for any structural grade (cl 6.3.3) Items to consider when determining the size of Bottom Plate are listed in the span tables where you make the selections. (page 1 & 2 of Handout) Timber Grade – Strength of Timber Joist Spacing – Means greater span Loading – Load that is to be disturbed through structure Is it a tiled roof, Is it the lower level of a 2 storey building Rafter/Joist Spacing – More load concentrated at studs once distributed. Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Design Parameters for Bottom Plate

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Joist Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Joist Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Joist Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Joist Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

Select most Suitable

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Joist Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

v 70 x 45 Or 90 x 45

Confirmation of Learning Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data (Conventional Floor System)   Roof Load Width 4100mm Truss Spacing 600mm Joist Spacing 450mm Stud 90mm Wide Roof Material Tile Minimum Size ______________________ (Concrete Slab) Joist Spacing N/A Stud 70mm Wide

Confirmation of Learning - Answer Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data (Conventional Floor System)   Roof Load Width 4100mm Truss Spacing 600mm Joist Spacing 600mm Stud 90mm Wide Roof Material Tile Minimum Size 2/ 70 x 45 (Concrete Slab) Joist Spacing N/A Stud 70mm Wide Minimum Size 70 x 35 (Nominal as Fully Supported)

Basic Frame Components Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

Top Plate An Important Structural Member Provides Lateral tie to the Building

Top Plate An Important Structural Member Provides Lateral tie to the Building Provides a transition point for the connection of Roofing Members and distribution of loads A Component of the Bracing System

Top Plate An Important Structural Member Provides Lateral tie to the Building Provides a transition point for the connection of Roofing Members and distribution of loads A Component of the Bracing System A component of the uplift restraint system

Top Plate To Plates must run full length of the wall Top Plate must run over openings Concentrated Loads must be Fully Supported

Frame Components To Plate Sizing Top plate sizing is dependent (See pages 3 to 6 of Handout) Positioning of Rafter/Truss (See next Slide) Upper or Lower Level (Pages 3 & 4 v Pages 5 & 6) Timber Grade – Strength of Timber Roof Material – Tile v Metal Rafter/Truss Spacing – How & Where the Load is applied Stud Spacing – How much bending will be caused by Rafters Roof Load Width - How wide is the Building (see next slide) Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Frame Components To Plate Sizing Top plate sizing is dependent (See pages 3 to 6 of Handout) (Pages 3 & 4 v Pages 5 & 6) Timber Grade – Strength of Timber Location – Single Level , Upper Level or Lower of 2 Storey Roof Material – Tile v Metal Rafter/Truss Spacing – How & Where the Load is applied Tie Down Spacing – Bending imposed on Top Plate by Uplift Stud Spacing – How much bending will be caused by Rafters Roof Load Width - How wide is the Building (see next slide)

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Location Single Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Tie Down Spacing 600mm Stud Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Location Single Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Tie Down Spacing 600mm Stud Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Location Single Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Tie Down Spacing 600mm Stud Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Location Single Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Tie Down Spacing 600mm Stud Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Location Single Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Tie Down Spacing 600mm Stud Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

Worked Example Roof Material Sheet Roof Location Single Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Tie Down Spacing 0 Stud Spacing 450mm Roof Load Width 6000mm

70 x 45 90 x 45

Confirmation of Learning Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data   Roof Material Sheet Roof Location Single Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Tie Down Spacing 0 Stud Spacing 600mm Roof Load Width 5500mm Wall Frame Width 70mm Minimum Size ______________________

Confirmation of Learning - Answer Determine Minimum Member Size Based on Following Data   Roof Material Sheet Roof Location Single Storey Rafter / Truss Spacing 600mm Tie Down Spacing 0 Stud Spacing 600mm Roof Load Width 5500mm Wall Frame Width 70mm Minimum Size 70 x 45

Undersize Top Plate

Undersize Top Plate

Plates Seasoned timbers are dressed therefore trenching not required Rough Sawn Timbers such as Oregon, Hardwood require trenching. Housing of plates for studs provides a constant thickness Trenching keeps Top & Bottom plates parallel Restrains Unseasoned Studs from twisting

Trenching usually appox 10 mm Trenching depth is not critical but what is left on is. Top Plates fully supported on masonary walls will be sized based on a 300mm spacing

Joining of Plates Where plates are butt jointed they may be joined using a connector plate.

Joining of Plates Plates may be Scarfed or Lapped jointed. Theses are time consuming and rarely used

Calculate Plate Lengths During Fabrication Top & Bottom Plates are the same length Plates should be as long as possible Consider manpower available to stand frames Remember Top Plate must be continuous

Roof Load Width AS 1684 - Definition

Roof Load Width Why is it an Important Consideration?

Roof Load Width Why is it an Important Consideration? Compare if Y= 5m & b = 0.6m

Roof Load Width Why is it an Important Consideration? The Top Plate in the Top example is taking more load B = 5 + 5 + 0.6 2 = 5.6m Compare if Y= 5m & b = 0.6m B = 5 + 0.6 6 = 1.433m

Uplift Uplift is a complex item and dealt with at Cert IV level Generally in Sydney for a Tile Roof it is not a consideration (See next slide) except for; Ocean Front Top of a Hill Isolated Buildings with no wind shielding

Basic Frame Components Refer page 2 TAFE Guide

Lintels Also referred to as a Head when it is not supporting Structural Loads Horizontal Load Bearing Member between Studs Purpose is to transfer structural loads that are above an opening to load bearing studs May be made of many materials - Timber - Engineered Timbers - LVL’s, I Beams - Structural Steel or Cold Rolled Steel Sections

Lintels – Installation Requirements AS 1684 Figure 6.9 page 64

Lintels – Installation Requirements AS 1684 Figure 6.9 page 64

Lintels – Installation Requirements AS 1684 Figure 6.9 page 64

Lintels – Installation Requirements AS 1684 Figure 6.9 page 64

From experience this is my preferred method as if there is A change in size or height, it does not require a major alteration It is a simple change of the infill head.

Lintels – Requirement for Top Plate Top Plate must be Continuous The Top Plate CANNOT be cut To fit a Lintel

Frame Components Lintel Sizing Lintel sizing is dependent (See pages 9 & 10 of Handout) Timber Grade – Strength of Timber Roof Material – Tile v Metal Location – Upper,Single or Lower Level of 2 Storey Floor Load Width– Applicable to Lowers Storey of 2 Storey Only Roof Load Width - How wide is the Building Rafter Truss Spacing – Loading on Beam Lintel Span – Required Span Span Tables supplied – Identify Part

Worked Example

Worked Example Timber Grade – MGP10 Roof Material – Tile Location – Single Level Floor Load Width– Roof Load Width – Rafter Truss Spacing – Lintel Span –

Worked Example Timber Grade – MGP10 Roof Material – Tile Location – Single Level Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Load Width – 3500mm Rafter Truss Spacing – Lintel Span –

Worked Example Timber Grade – MGP10 Roof Material – Tile Location – Single Level Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Load Width – 3500mm Rafter Truss Spacing – 600mm Lintel Span –

Worked Example Timber Grade – MGP10 Roof Material – Tile Location – Single Level Floor Load Width – N/A Roof Load Width – 3500mm Rafter Truss Spacing – 600mm Lintel Span – 2100mm

6. Noggins

6. Noggins Stop Studs from Twisting, Cupping etc Assist Studs to take load – prevent buckling under load Form Part of Bracing System

6.Noggins Walls > 1350mm in height must have noggins Max Spacing between rows = 1350mm No Stress grading required Min 25mm Thick Noggins may be offset 2 x Thickness to allow for ease of Installation Min width = Wall Thickness – 25mm

Confirmation of Learning How many Rows of Noggins are required for following wall heights. 2550 3000 3800 Is a 70 x 35 Noggin suitable for a 90mm Wall Frame

Bracing

6. Bracing Member that prevents distortion of frame by Racking Forces You must determine Wind load on Building

Bracing There are many materials that can be used to Brace a wall frame. These generally form part of a system. See page 4 of TAFE Notes

Diagonal Timber Bracing Rarely Used Today.

Diamond Bracing Not Mentioned in AS 1684.2. Must be Considered an Alternative Solution. Would require an Engineer to Certify.

Perforated Metal Angle Where there a 2 in a wall, They should oppose each other

Hoop Iron Cross Bracing A very good and efficient method and should be 1st choice

Hoop Iron Cross Bracing Tensioning should be done during the hottest part of the day

Hoop Iron Cross Bracing Final Nailing off should be done as late as possible Leave temporary bracing as long as possible

Sheet Bracing Plywood or Hardboard (Masonite)

6. Bracing Member that prevents distortion of frame by Racking Forces Section 8 of Standard

(a) Determine Wind Classification

Limitations of Classification

Same Limitations AS 1684.2

(a) Determine Wind Classification AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine Geographic Wind Speed Terrain Category Topographic Class Shielding

(a) Determine Wind Classification AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine Geographic Wind Region Terrain Category Topographic Class Shielding

1.Geographic Wind Region

Exercise What Region are the following Cities or towns located in Sydney ______________ Brisbane ______________ Melbourne ______________ Darwin ______________ Perth ______________ Grafton (NSW) ______________ Townsville (Qld) ______________ Alice Springs (NT) ______________ Perisher Valley (NSW) ______________   Launceston (TAS) ______________ Port Hedland (WA) ______________

Exercise - Answer What Region are the following Cities or towns located in Sydney A Brisbane B Melbourne A Darwin C Perth A Grafton (NSW) B Townsville (Qld) C Alice Springs (NT) A Perisher Valley (NSW) A   Launceston (TAS) A Port Hedland (WA) D

(a) Determine Wind Classification AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine Geographic Wind Speed Terrain Category Topographic Class Shielding

2.Terain Category

2.Terain Category

Exercise Determine The Follow Terrain Categories An Isolated House at Woomera with no significant Topographical features for 15km in all directions. Classification _________________ A House at Bronte located on the Ocean Front. Classification _________________ House Build adjacent to Richmond Air force Base A house in Alexandria (NSW)

Exercise - Answer Determine The Follow Terrain Categories An Isolated House at Woomera with no significant Topographical features for 15km in all directions. Classification TC1 A House at Bronte located on the Ocean Front. Classification TC2 House Build adjacent to Richmond Air force Base A house in Alexandria (NSW) Classification TC3

(a) Determine Wind Classification AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine Geographic Wind Speed Terrain Category Topographic Class Shielding

3. Topographic Class Topographic class determines the effect of wind on a house considering its location on a, hill, ridge or escarpment and the height and average slope of the hill, ridge or escarpment.

3. Topographic Class Where average slope is Greater than 1 in 20 is the Start of the “Hill” .

3. Topographic Class Height of Hill.

3. Topographic Class Height of Hill. Note Parameter for Escarpment

3.Topographic Class AS 4055 - 2006

Topography for Hills Explained

Determine Average Slope The average slope of a hill, ridge or escarpment (φa) shall be the slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment.

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 1 Average Slope < 1 in 10 T1 All Heights T1

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 2 Average Slope < 1 in 10 & > 1 in 7.5 *Less than 20m all T1

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 3 Average Slope < 1 in 7.5 & > 1 in 5 *H > 30 T3 *H ≤ 30 T2 T1 T1 *Less than 9m all T1

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 4 Average Slope < 1 in 5 & > 1 in 3 H > 30 T4 H ≤ 30 T3 T2 H T1

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 5 Average Slope > 1 in 3 H > 30 T5

Topography for Escarpments Explained

3.Topographic Class AS 4055 - 2006

Determine Average Slope The average slope of a hill, ridge or escarpment (φa) shall be the slope measured by averaging the steepest slope and the least slope through the top half of the hill, ridge or escarpment.

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 1 Average Slope < 1 in 10 T1 T1 T1 All Heights T1

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 2 Average Slope < 1 in 10 & > 1 in 7.5 *Less than 20m all T1

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 3 Average Slope < 1 in 7.5 & > 1 in 5 *H > 30 T3 *H ≤ 30 T2 T1 T1 T1 *Less than 9m all T1

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 4 Average Slope < 1 in 5 & > 1 in 3 H > 30 T4 H ≤ 30 T3 T2 T2 H T1

AS 4055 - Table 2.3 Row 5 Average Slope > 1 in 3 H > 30 T5

Worked Example For Our Purposes in this course we will always use T1 You will go into more detail in the CERT IV Course

(a) Determine Wind Classification AS 4055 Outline the Process to Determine Geographic Wind Speed Terrain Category Topographic Class Shielding

4.Shielding The affect of local obstructions on wind flow The 5 year likely impact must be considered Growth of Trees etc. Proposed Developments etc. Classes Full Shielding (FS) Partial Shielding (PS) No Shielding (NS)

Full Shielding (FS) Surrounded by 2 Rows of Houses Heavily Wooded Areas (Zones A & B Only) Typical Suburb consisting of 10 houses per Ha Roads or Parks less than 100m wide are ignored

Partial Shielding (PS) 2.5 Houses, Trees, Sheds etc. per Ha In Regions C & D heavily wooded areas

No Shielding (NS) No Permanent Obstructions Less than 2.5 obstructions per Ha First 2 Rows abutting Open Parkland, Open Water, Airfield etc.

Worked Examples

Wind Classification

Worked Example TAFE UNI Randwick Town Centre

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T1 House is not On a hill

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T1 Shielding FS Shielded by 2 Rows of Houses

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T1 Shielding FS Terrain Category TC 3

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T1 Shielding FS Terrain Category TC 3

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T1 Shielding FS Terrain Category TC 3

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T1 Shielding FS Terrain Category TC 3

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T1 Shielding FS Terrain Category TC 3 Wind Category is N1

Worked Example Bronte Ocean Front

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T5 House is located on top Of 30m escarpment

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T5 Shielding NS No Shielding on Ocean Side – You must always use worst case example

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T5 Shielding NS Terrain Category TC1

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T5 Shielding NS Terrain Category TC1

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T5 Shielding NS Terrain Category TC1

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T5 Shielding NS Terrain Category TC1

Worked Example Geographic Wind Region Region A Topography T5 Shielding NS Terrain Category TC1 Wind Category = N5

Determine Wind Pressure Determined by; Wind Classification Tables 8.1 to 8.5 AS 1684.2 Is dependant on the shape of the Building Is it a Gable or Hip or a more Complex shape? – Explained in Next Slides

Area of Elevation Table 8.2 h = ½ height of the wall (half of the floor to ceiling height). For wind direction 2, the pressure on the gable end is determined from Table 8.1 pressure on the hip section of the elevation is determined from Table 8.2. The total of racking forces is the sum of the forces calculated for each section. Eaves < 1m2 can be ignored. Table 8.1 Table 8.2 Table 8.2 Table 8.2

Area of Elevation You must determine Area of each part of the 11000 You must determine Area of each part of the elevation Of the Building. 7000 15000 6000 8000 5000

Area of Elevation Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 1.2 = 16m2

(d) Calculating Racking Force Formula Area of Elevation x Wind Pressure Required Data Pitch = 30°

(d) Calculating Racking Force Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 x Wind Pressure ? 1.2 = 16m2 2 1 6000 5000 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 1.2 = 14m2 2 1

Wind Pressure Direction 1.1

(d) Calculating Racking Force Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 x 0.75 = 10.5 1.2 = 16m2 x Wind Pressure ? 2 1 6000 5000 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 1.2 = 14m2 2 1

Wind Pressure Direction 1.2

(d) Calculating Racking Force Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 x 0.75 = 10.5 1.2 = 16m2 x 0.74 = 11.84 Total Racking Force = 22.34 2 1 6000 5000 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 x Wind Pressure ? 1.2 = 14m2 2 1 8000 7000

Important Note Which Wind Pressure to Use ? Wind N2 8 000 Pitch 25° 15 000 As shape is the same from both directions We use the same Table (8.2)

Pressure = 0.73 in Both Directions

Important Note Which Wind Pressure to Use ? Wind N2 8 000 Pitch 25° Table 8.1 Table 8.2 15 000 As shape is different in each elevation we must determine individually for each direction And use WORST case.

Pressure = 0.92

Pressure = 0.71

Important Note Which Wind Pressure to Use ? Wind N2 The Gable End will ALWAYS have the highest pressure 8 000 Pitch 25° Table 8.2 = 0.71 Table 8.1 = 0.92 15 000 As the worst case is the Gable End, we must use the wind Pressure from Table 8.1 = 0.92

Pressure = 0.71

(d) Calculating Racking Force - Revisited Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 x 0.75 = 10.5 1.2 = 16m2 x 0.74 = 11.84 Total Racking Force = 22.34 2 1 6000 5000 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 x Wind Pressure ? 1.2 = 14m2 2 1

Wind Pressure Direction 1.2 You must use this table as it is a Gable End

(d) Calculating Racking Force Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 x 0.75 = 10.5 1.2 = 16m2 x 0.74 = 11.84 Total Racking Force = 22.34 2 1 6000 5000 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 2.1 = 14m2 x 0.92 = 12.88 2.2 = 14m2 x Wind Pressure ? 2 1 8000 7000

Wind Pressure Direction 2.2

(d) Calculating Racking Force Racking Force = Area x Wind Pressue Wind Direction 1 has 2 Shapes 1.1 = 14m2 x 0.75 = 10.5 1.2 = 16m2 x 0.74 = 11.84 Total Racking Force = 22.34 2 1 6000 5000 Wind Direction 2 has 2 Shapes 2.1 = 14m2 x 0.92 = 12.88 2.2 = 14m2 x 0.72 = 10.08 Total Racking Force = 22.96 2 1 8000 7000

Before we do this lets see what (f) says

Before we do this lets see what (f) says

Clause 8.3.6.6 We must start placing Bracing at, External Walls & At Corners

Before we do this lets see what (f) says

Clause 8.3.6.7 Single or Upper Level Bracing Max Spacing is 9m for N2 & N2 Wind Classification For N3 & above refer Tables

Before we do this lets see what (f) says

Table 8.18 List Types of Bracing Systems that are “Deemed to Satisfy” Gives a value per/m length of Bracing Panel Theses values are used to counteract the Racking Forces calculated.

Before we do this lets see what (f) says

Clause 8.3.6.4 &Table 8.19

Lets Design

Design Wind Direction 1.1 Racking Force = 10.5 Wind Direction 1.2 3500 Wind Direction 2.1 Racking Force = 12.88 7000 3500 4500 6000 3000 Wind Direction 2.2 Racking Force = 10.08 8000 3000 5000

Nominal Wall Bracing

Design – Area 1.1 Wind Direction 1.1 Racking Force = 10.5 3500 7000 4500 6000 3000 8000 3000 5000

Design – Area 1.1 Wind Direction 1.1 Racking Force = 10.5 Metal Cross Strapping to Corners As per Table 8.14 (b) 3500 7000 3500 4500 6000 3000 Note you must do all corners Regardless of Overkill 8000 3000 5000

Design – Area 1.1 Wind Direction 1.1 Racking Force = 10.5 Metal Cross Strapping to Corners As per Table 8.14 (b) 3500 7000 3500 4500 6000 3000 You Still would place Bracing on Internal Walls To assist During Constructions Using any Method (a) is easiest 8000 3000 5000

Design – Area 1.1 Wind Direction 1.1 Racking Force = 10.5 Metal Cross Strapping to Corners As per Table 8.14 (b) 3500 7000 3500 4500 6000 3000 You Still would place Bracing on Internal Walls To assist During Constructions Using any Method (a) is easiest 8000 3000 5000

Design – Area 1.2 Wind Direction 1.2 Racking Force = 11.84 3500 7000 4500 6000 3000 8000 3000 5000

Design – Area 1.2 Wind Direction 1.2 Racking Force = 11.84 3500 7000 3500 4500 6000 3000 8000 Metal Cross Strapping to Corners As per Table 8.14 (b) 3000 5000

Design – Area 1.2 Wind Direction 1.2 Racking Force = 11.84 3500 7000 3500 4500 6000 3000 Bracing to Internal Walls to Spread Bracing thru Structure Assist During Construction 8000 3000 5000

Design – Area 2.1 Wind Direction 2.1 Racking Force = 12.88 3500 7000 4500 6000 3000 8000 3000 5000

Design – Area 2.1 Wind Direction 2.1 Racking Force = 12.88 3500 Wind Direction 2.1 Racking Force = 12.88 7000 3500 4500 6000 3000 8000 Metal Cross Strapping to Corners As per Table 8.14 (b) 3000 5000

Design – Area 2.1 Wind Direction 2.1 Racking Force = 12.88 3500 Wind Direction 2.1 Racking Force = 12.88 7000 3500 4500 6000 3000 8000 Bracing to Internal Walls to Spread Bracing thru Structure Assist During Construction 3000 5000

Design – Area 2.2 Wind Direction 2.2 Racking Force = 10.08 3500 7000 4500 6000 3000 Wind Direction 2.2 Racking Force = 10.08 8000 3000 5000

Design – Area 2.2 Wind Direction 2.2 Racking Force = 10.08 3500 7000 4500 6000 3000 Wind Direction 2.2 Racking Force = 10.08 8000 3000 5000

Design – Area 2.2 Bracing to Internal Walls to 3500 7000 3500 4500 6000 3000 8000 Bracing to Internal Walls to Spread Bracing thru Structure Assist During Construction 3000 5000

Lets Design

Clause 8.3.6.9 Top of INTERNAL Bracing Walls must be fixed to Ceiling or Upper Floor Structure with equivalent Shear Capacity as to its Bracing Capacity

See Next Slide for Explanation

Confirmation Learning Complete Exercise 42 of your workbook

Connection of Internal Brace Walls In our Exercise we use Crossed Hoop Iron 3500 7000 3500 4500 6000 3000 Bracing Value = 1.5 Bracing Panel Length = 2.7 Total Force = 1.5 x 2.7 = 4.05kN 8000 3000 5000

Total Force = 4.05kN Seasoned Radiata Pine = JD4 1 Fixing at each end of Bracing Panel = 2 x 2.1kN = 4.2 (Sufficient)

Wall Frames Frames are classified into 2 categories Load Bearing – They are structural frames, they transfer loads from roof or upper floor to the supporting floor frame. They can be either external or internal walls. Non Load Bearing – - do not support any structural loads. - They support their own weight - Non structural loads doors and frame, kitchen cupboards, driers etc. - support some live loads eg Doors closing. Therefore there are some minimum requirements for these AS 1684.2 cl 6.3.5

AS 1684.2 cl 6.3.5

Wall Components

Trimmers Horizontal members fixed between window studs and door studs. Referred to as Sill or Head trimmers Usually of the same section size bottom plates Openings wider than 1800mm require trimmers as specified in AS 1684.2 cl6.3.6.6 & table 6.3

Trimmers Refer Table 6.3 of your Australian Standard

Trimming Studs Run from Trimmers to Plates – Use same Timber Size Used to block out Narrow Lintel Where use in conjunction with Lintel they may take structural loads Must be same depth as wall frame to accept finishes May also be referred to as “Jack”, “Soldier”, or “Short” studs

Wall Intersections Blocking Placed at intersections of wall frames Normally 3 Blocks per intersection

Blocking AS1684.2

What is a Concentrated Load ? >3000

Stress Grading Refers to the Timbers Strength Timber must be able to withstand stress loads placed on them. Overloading may cause straining or failure 3 types of stress Compressive Tensile Shear Note Torsional Stress is not discussed

Stress Grading Members Sizes will be determined for span tables Generally for Residential Construction sizes will not be specified by designers Why? Architect will not want to take responsibility Engineer will want to charge extra to do this and Why would a client want to pay for something that he can get done for nothing

Stress Grading Why are members generally specified on Commercial projects AS 1684.2 Residential Timber Framed Construction Guide

AS 1684.2 Limitations 1.4.4 The Maximum number of storey's of timber shall not exceed 2 1.4.5 The maximum width of a building shall 16 000mm, Note, if you use AS1684.2 simplified max width = 12 000mm 1.4.6 The maximum wall height shall be 3000mm excluding gable ends 1.4.7 The maximum roof pitch shall be 35 degrees

Ordering Timber Timber is ordered in lineal meters may be priced in cubic meters Increments of 300mm Timber should be ordered as required - avoid unnecessary exposure to weather - affecting cash flows - theft - storage

Material Storage Timber should be stored on gluts This allows for airflow Care should be taken in stack sizes Stacks can be strapped for safety

Storage of Materials Timber should be stored as close as possible to work area

Stud Spacing – Other Consideration Stud Spacing may also be determined by sheeting

Studs Not all external sheeting require critical stud placement Check with LATEST manufactures manual as to requirements

Harditek (Blue Board) For Sheet Products Stud Placement is Important

Calculating Stud Lengths Finished Floor to Ceiling govern stud length Minimum Habitable Room is 2400mm Clear Floor Finishes 1. Carpet 20mm 2. Timber Flooring 40mm (Depending on Batten) Ceilings 1. 10mm Plasterboard 2. 13mm Plasterboard

Calculating Stud Length Double Storey building may have FFL (Finished Floor Level). Allowance must be made for structural members Most Importantly Determine if there are any height restrictions Type of Roof Will affect Stud Heights

Top & Bottom Plates = 90 x 45 F5 Step 1 – Determine Floor & Ceiling Floor Carpet = 20mm Ceiling Gyprock = 13mm Step 2 – Calculate Stud Length Minimum Clearance = 2400mm Plus Flooring = 20mm Plus Ceiling = 20mm Wall Height = 2440mm less Wall Plates = 90mm Stud Length = 2350mm

Ground Fl Finish = Timber (40mm) First Floor = Carpet (20mm) Upper Level Joists = 200 x 50 F5 Top & Bottom Plates = 90 x 45 Step 1- Determine SFL (Structural Floor Level) SFL First Floor = 28.950 (FFL First Fl) -20 (Carpet) SFL= 28.930 SFL Ground Fl = 26.200 (FFL Gnd) - 40 (Timber) SFL = 26.160 Step 2 – Calculate Height Difference SFL First Floor = 28.930 – SFL Ground Fl = 26.180 Height Difference = 2.750 Ground Floor First Floor

Step 3 – Structural Elements Height Diff = 2.750 Less Flooring = 0.017 Less Floor Joist = 0.200 Less T & B Plate = 0.090 Stud Length = 2.443 Ground Floor First Floor

Carpet Both Floors (20mm) Ceilings 10mm Plasterboard (Allow 20mm) Dimensions are clear measurements Lower level plates Upper Level Plates Bottom Plate = 90 x 35 F5 Bottom Plate = 90 x 45 F5 Top Plate = 90 x 45 F5 Top Plate = 90 x 70 F5

Calculating Door Heights On Concrete Slab Using a standard 2040mm x 820mm Allow 22mm for Carpet (17mm + 5mm) 2040 mm Door Height 2mm Clearance between Door & Jamb 20mm for Jamb 10mm Clearance between Jamb & Head 15mm Clearance between Jamb & Lintel Total = 2094mm Say 2100mm

Calculation of Door Width

Calculation of Window Check with manufacturer if windows are not on site Generally at same height of doors Check on elevations for window heights 15mm Clearance between Jamb & Lintel Allow 10mm under sill

Window Width Care should be taken when setting out to brick bond! Client may want window to line up with internal fitting Client may want window dead center of room

Lintels

Construct Wall Frames Number Wall Frames Clock Wise Direction Internal Walls Left to Right Top To Bottom

Setting Out Plates Confirm Dimensions of Slab/ Subfloor Select Suitable Timber & Cut to Length Tack Together Mark Appropriate ID Number on Plate Mark Required Studs – In Following Order End Studs Wall Intersections Openings Common Studs

Setting Out Plates If required prepare a storey rod with the appropriate markings (ie Horizontal & Vertical Bond) Set out position of window and doors studs remembering to allow for required jamb studs If required adjust position to match brickbond Set out Common Studs, Jack Studs at required spacing

Preparing Studs Use Storey Rod (Pattern Stud) to cut required studs Mark and check out window and door studs

Fixing Wall Frames To Floors AS 1684.2

Wall Frame Assembly What are Advantages & Disadvantages of Prefabricated Wall Frames?

Assembling Wall Frames

Frame Erection

Nominal Fixings For Bottom Plates AS 1684.2