Clouds & Precipitation. Saturation vs. Air Temperature The actual amount of Water air can hold changes With air temperature Air at 104 F can hold 3 times.

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Presentation transcript:

Clouds & Precipitation

Saturation vs. Air Temperature The actual amount of Water air can hold changes With air temperature Air at 104 F can hold 3 times As much water as 68 F air ! (47 grams vs only 15 grams) Air at 68 F can hold 4 times As much water as air at 0 F (15 grams vs only 4 grams) 32 F 68 F 104 F 4 grams 15 grams 47 grams

Adiabatic Cooling: Clouds and Lifting Condensation Level (LCL) LCL / Cloud base = dew point altitude

CLOUDS A cloud is water vapor condensed around dust particles (condensation nuclei). At any given time, ~50% of Earth is covered by clouds and about 6% is having precipitation. The greater the amount of moisture in an air mass, the lower the level of condensation.

CONDENSATION > 0 o C = water droplets (lower levels) < 0 o C = ice crystals (upper levels) middle levels = mixture of ice and water

Type of cloud depends on… amount of moisture in the air degree of uplift atmospheric stability

NAMING CLOUDS 3 Basic types: Cirrus – curly or fibrous Stratus – means “layer”; flat and/or layered Cumulus – means “heap”; puffy or piled up The prefixes cirro (high), alto (middle) refer to the level in the atmosphere. The prefix nimbo means “rain-bearing”.

Lifting Mechanisms In order to make clouds, the air has to be lifted so that it will condense. Convection Frontal Cloud Orographic Uplift

Cumulus

Stratus

Nimbostratus

Cumulus & Stratocumulus

Cirrus

Cirrus

Cumulus & Cirrocumulus

Cirrostratus with halo

Mammatocumulus

Mammatocumulus

Lenticular

Iridescent Cloud

Cumulonimbus

Cumulonimbus

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Nacreous Noctilucent

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Precipitation The type of precipitation that reaches the ground depends on processes in the cloud and temperatures between the cloud and the ground.

Precipitation Types / Properties

Global Precipitation

HAIL balls or chunks of ice (1cm-5 cm) grow due to downdrafts/updrafts in cumulonimbus clouds

Snowflakes and Temperature Snow crystal images from an electron microscope