Joints Describe and explain how different types of joints affect participation and performance in games activities by allowing specific ranges of movement. Examples of ball and socket, hinge, gliding and pivot should be used. The value of healthy and efficient joints on performance.

Classification of joints There are three groups of joints around the body 1.Fibrous (immovable) 2.Cartilaginous (slightly movable) 3.Synovial (freely movable) In sport or physical education we are mainly concerned with freely movable synovial joints

Synovial joints Synovial fluid- found in the joint, - lubricates the joint,- allows friction free movement Synovial membrane a layer in the capsule secretes synovial fluid

Ligamentsbands of tough fibrous tissue hold bones together limit the range of movement prevent dislocation

Hyaline cartilage hard tough slippery layer covers the head of bones forming joints. - protects the bone - reduces friction in the joint

Synovial Joints

Types of Joints There are six basic types of synovial joints 1.Ball and socket 2.Pivot 3.Hinge 4.Gliding 5.Saddle 6.Condyloid

1. Ball and Socket The ball and socket joint moves freely in all directions. Stability is provided by the ligament.

2. Pivot Joint Only rotation is possible. This is due to its structure being like a ring on a peg.

3. Hinge Joint The hinge joint moves in one plane only. Movement is limited by the shape of the bones and/or the connecting ligaments.

4. Gliding Joint One bone slides of top of another. Movement is limited by strong ligaments.

5. Saddle Joint The joint allows movement in two planes at right angles to each other. Movement is limited by the shape of the bones.

6. Condyloid Joint Movement is possible in two planes. The ligaments prevent rotation.

Synovial Joint

Range of Motion Each joint in the body only allows a specific range of motion (movement).

Movement Our joints allow us to move in many different ways. There are 5 different ways in which we can move. 1.Flexion 2.Extension 3.Abduction 4.Adduction 5.Rotation

Flexion and extension Extension is when you open a joint (straighten). Flexion is when you close a joint (bending).

Abduction and adduction Abduction is sideways movement away from the body (abduct – take away). Adduction is sideways movement towards the body (adduct – to add).

Rotation Rotation is a turning motion around an axis (e.g. head around axis). It can also be the turning of a limb.

Movement at joints Type of jointMovement allowed Ball and socketflexion extension abduction adduction rotation Hingeflexion extension Pivotrotation Saddleflexion extension abduction adduction Condyloidflexion extension abduction adduction Glidingsmall gliding in all directions

Analysis of movement Cricket Player Batting Type of Joint Movement Bones wrist extension radius condyloid carpels ulna