The Hip

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os coxae) Attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong ligaments Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs Support pelvic organs

Os coxae Each hip bone consists of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis

Together with the sacrum and the coccyx, these bones form the bony pelvis

Animation: Rotatable pelvis Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Sacral promontory Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone) Anterior inferior iliac spine llium Sacrum Pubic bone Pelvic brim Coccyx Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Ischium Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Pubic arch PLAY Animation: Rotatable pelvis Figure 7.29

Hip Bone Three regions Ilium Superior region of the coxal bone Auricular surface articulates with the sacrum (sacroiliac joint) Ischium Posteroinferior part of hip bone Pubis Anterior portion of hip bone Midline pubic symphysis joint

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

Acetabulum

Ischial tuberosity

(a) Lateral view, right hip bone Ilium Posterior gluteal line* Iliac crest Posterior superior iIiac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine* Inferior gluteal line Greater sciatic notch Anterior inferior iliac spine* Ischial body Acetabulum Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic body Pubis Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis* Ischial tuberosity Obturator foramen Ischial ramus (a) Lateral view, right hip bone Figure 7.30a

(b) Medial view, right hip bone Ilium Iliac fossa Iliac crest Posterior superior iliac spine Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine* Body of the ilium Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine* Lesser sciatic notch Pubic tubercle Obturator foramen Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis)* Ischium Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial ramus (b) Medial view, right hip bone Figure 7.30b

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves Female pelvis Adapted for childbearing True pelvis (inferior to pelvic brim) defines birth canal Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow, and has greater capacity

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves Male pelvis Tilted less forward Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep A man’s hip

Comparison of Male and Female Pelves Characteristic Female Male Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and smoother Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings Pubic arch/angle 80˚– 90˚ 50˚– 60˚ Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together Sacrum Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral Coccyx More movable; straighter Less movable; curves ventrally

Table 7.4

Table 7.4

Table 7.4

The Lower Limb Carries the weight of the body Subjected to exceptional forces Three segments of the lower limb Thigh: femur Leg: tibia and fibula Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes

Femur Largest and strongest bone in the body Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia and patella

Neck Fovea capitis Greater trochanter Head Inter- trochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Apex Linea aspera Anterior Facet for lateral condyle of femur Facet for medial condyle of femur Lateral condyle Medial and lateral supra- condylar lines Lateral epicondyle Surface for patellar ligament Intercondylar fossa Posterior Medial condyle (a) Patella (kneecap) Adductor tubercle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Patellar surface Anterior view Posterior view (b) Femur (thigh bone) Figure 7.31

Bones of the Leg Medial leg bone Tibia Medial leg bone Receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot

Bones of the leg Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur Fibula Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur Site of muscle attachment Connected to tibia by interosseous membrane Articulates with tibia via proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

Intercondylar eminence Head Medial condyle Proximal tibiofibular joint Lateral condyle Intercondylar eminence Head Medial condyle Proximal tibiofibular joint Tibial tuberosity Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Articular surface Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus (a) Anterior view Figure 7.32a

(b) Posterior view Articular surface Articular surface of of medial condyle Articular surface of lateral condyle Medial condyle Head of fibula Interosseous membrane Tibia Fibula Articular surface Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus (b) Posterior view Figure 7.32b

Foot: Tarsals Seven tarsal bones form the posterior half of the foot Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus Other tarsal bones: cuboid, navicular, and the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms

Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5) Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot” Phalanges The 14 bones of the toes Each digit (except the hallux) has three phalanges Hallux has no middle phalanx

Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal Metatarsals Medial cuneiform 1 2 3 4 5 Metatarsals Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view Figure 7.33a

Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot Talus Facet for medial malleolus Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Sustentac- ulum tali (talar shelf) First metatarsal Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Medial view PLAY Animation: Rotatable bones of the foot Figure 7.33b

Arches of the Foot Arches are maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons Arches allow the foot to bear weight Three arches Lateral longitudinal Medial longitudinal Transverse

(a) Lateral aspect of right foot Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch (a) Lateral aspect of right foot Figure 7.34a

Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull Infant skull has more bones than the adult skull Skull bones such as the mandible and frontal bones are unfused At birth, skull bones are connected by fontanelles Fontanelles Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones Four fontanelles Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoid