Def.: Time Series Time series is a collection or sequence of numbers that represent the state of any system as a function of time or space or any other “ ordering ” independent variable.
Scalar Time Series Data e.g., Sealevel Pressure e.g., Bottom Temperature (almost periodic) (transient)
Vector Time Series Data Speed (length of “ stick ” ) and direction (orientation of “ stick ” ) as a function of time Ocean Currents
Matrix Time Series Data Spatial pattern of “ some scalar ” Reflectance at 645 nm (red part of visible spectrum) of ice, water, and land from MODIS July-26, :40 UTC
Matrix Time Series Data Spatial patterns that vary with time
MEASUREMENT = SIGNAL + NOISE How to separate?
Ensembles are a set of realizations x i (t) of a random process {x(t)} Experiment-4 Experiment-3 Experiment-2 Experiment-1 tt+τTime t and lag τ tree-1, drifter-1 tree-2, drifter-2 tree-3, drifter-3 tree-4, drifter-4 x 1 (t) x 2 (t) x 4 (t) x 3 (t)
Qualities of time series: Sine wave Sine wave plus random noise Narrow-band random noise Wide-band random noise
Probability Density Functions: Sine wave Sine wave plus random noise Narrow-band random noise Wide-band random noise (histograms)
Auto-correlation functions Sine wave Sine wave plus random noise Narrow-band random noise Wide-band random noise 0 Lag Time Lagged Auto-Correlation R xx ( )
Auto-spectral Density Sine wave Sine wave plus random noise Narrow-band random noise Wide-band random noise