Pool Water Treatment SeriesCorrosionIrritation Costly Maintenance Poor Air Quality Hazy Water

Breakpoint w/ Organic Nitrogen

Nitrogen-containing compounds SweatUrine Mean content (mg/litre) Portion of total nitrogen (%) Mean content (mg/litre) Portion of total nitrogen (%) Urea Ammonia Amino acids Creatinine Other compounds Total nitrogen Table 4.9: Nitrogen-containing compounds in sweat and urine The ammonia reacts rapidly with hypochlorous acid to form monochloramine, dichloramine and trichloramine (Hailin et al., 1990), whereas nitrogen-containing organic compounds, such as amino acids, may react with hypochlorite to form organic chloramines (Taras, 1953; Isaak & Morris, 1980). The organic nitrogen compounds found in urine and sweat are also possible precursors for chlorination by-products, such as THMs (Ueno et al., 1996). Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultation Vol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000

Country Disinfectant by-product concentration (µg/litre) Pool typeReference ChloroformBDCMDBCMBromoform meanrangemeanrangemeanrangemeanrange USA37.9 indoorCopaken, –402 1–72 <0.1–8 <0.1–1outdoorArmstrong & Golden, –580 1–90 0.3–30 <0.1–60indoor <0.1–530 <0.1–105 <0.1–48 <0.1–183spa Table 4.4: Concentrations of trihalomethanes measured in swimming pool water Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultation Vol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000

Table 4.13: Concentrations of trihalomethanes in alveolar air samples from 163 swimmers THMNo. positive/no. samples Mean THM concentration (µg/litre) Range of THM concentrations (µg/litre) Chloroform163/ –312 BDCM163/163941–42 DBCM25/ –28 Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultation Vol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000

Table 4.10: Comparison of trihalomethane concentrations in blood of swimmers after a 1-h swim, in pool water and in ambient air of indoor and outdoor pools THM concentration (mean, range) Indoor poolOutdoor pool Blood of swimmers (µg/litre)0.48 (0.23–0.88)0.11 (<0.06–0.21) Pool water (µg/litre)19.6 (4.5–45.8)73.1 (3.2–146) Air 20 cm above the water surface (µg/m³)93.6 (23.9–179.9)8.2 (2.1–13.9) Air 150 cm above the water surface (µg/m³) 61.6 (13.4–147.1)2.5 (<0.7–4.7) Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultation Vol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000

Ebba Lund (1962) Univ. of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden Graph shows effect of oxidation potential on Polio virus. Graph compares inactivation rates using combined chlorine, & free chlorine irrespective of the residual concentrations.

Full Range of Treatments All-In-One Treatment Chlorine-Supporting Treatment Rapid Recovery Treatment Choosing the right treatment has been made Easy! Each treatment is “Custom Designed” to handle the specific demands of your application. Residential pools require less supplementary oxidants, while municipal pool treatments require higher levels to handle the higher demands. For those occasions where a little additional help is required, Truox offers easy to apply secondary treatments in the form of slow dissolving tablets, or rapid release granules for shock recovery. These products may be protected under U.S. Patent 6,,878,289 and other Patents Pending

Glycine Addition

DPD = Total Oxidant Glycine Addition

Oxidation without Irritation®