Carbon Compounds

Organic compounds A compound that contains carbon. A compound that contains carbon. “organic” means “of living things” “organic” means “of living things” –Can occur naturally: –Wood, paper –Produces artificially also: –Plastics, fuels, cleaning solutions

Organic Compounds Many have low melting points and low boiling points Many have low melting points and low boiling points –Causes them to be liquids and gases at room temperature Liquids generally have a strong odor Liquids generally have a strong odor Do NOT conduct electricity Do NOT conduct electricity Do NOT dissolve well in water Do NOT dissolve well in water

Hydrocarbons The simplest organic compound. Hydrocarbons contain only the elements hydrogen and carbon. Examples: methane, propane, butane

Hydrocarbons Properties: Properties: –ALL are flammable –When burned a large amount of energy is released –Mix poorly with water

Hydrocarbons Simplest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4) Simplest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4) Ethane – C2 H6 Ethane – C2 H6 Propane – C3 H8 Propane – C3 H8 These are the molecular formulas – Create the structural formulas. These are the molecular formulas – Create the structural formulas.

Structural Formula Shows the kind, number and arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Shows the kind, number and arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Isomers Isomers –Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures. –Each isomer is a different substance.

Show Structural Formula Molecular Formula Molecular Formula –Methane CH4 –Ethane C2H6 –Propane C3H8

Structural Formulas Hydrocarbons with 4 or more carbon atoms can have straight or branched arrangements. Hydrocarbons with 4 or more carbon atoms can have straight or branched arrangements.

Structural Formula Butane C4H10 Butane C4H10 –Straight Chain –Branched Chain

Double or Triple Bonds Two carbon atoms can form single, double or triple bonds Two carbon atoms can form single, double or triple bonds Bonds beyond triple bonds do not exist in nature. Bonds beyond triple bonds do not exist in nature.

Hydrocarbons Saturated Hydrocarbons Saturated Hydrocarbons –(single bonds) carbon is “saturated” or filled up with hydrocarbons –Ends in -ane Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons –(double and triple bonds) have fewer hydrogen atoms for each carbon compared to saturated hydrocarbons –Ends in –ene or -yne

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Ethene Ethene –C2H4 –Simplest double carbon bond –Produced by bananas Ethyne Ethyne –C2H2 –Simplest triple carbon bonds –acetylene

Substituted Hydrocarbons Atoms of other elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon Atoms of other elements replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon Halogen compounds Halogen compounds Alcohols Alcohols Organic acids Organic acids

Halogen Compounds Trichloroethane Trichloroethane –C2H3Cl3 Perchloroethylene Perchloroethylene –C2H2Cl2

Alcohols -OH substituted for hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon -OH substituted for hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon -OH called hydroxyl group -OH called hydroxyl group An alcohol contains one or more hydroxyl groups An alcohol contains one or more hydroxyl groups

Alcohol Methanol Methanol –CH3OH Ethanol Ethanol –One hydrogen atom from ethane, C2H6, plus one hydroxyl group –C2H5OH

Organic Acids A substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups A substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more carboxyl groups –-COOH –Acetic Acid – main compound in vinegar  CH3COOH –Formic Acid – stinging from ants  HCOOH

Esters Alcohol + Organic Acid Ester Alcohol + Organic Acid Ester Esters have: Esters have: –Pleasant fruity smells –Ingredient in medications (ASA, … )

Polymers A very large chain of molecules made of chains of many smaller molecules. A very large chain of molecules made of chains of many smaller molecules. Monomers – smaller molecules Monomers – smaller molecules

Polymers Natural Polymers Natural Polymers –Wool made by sheep –Cotton plants make cotton –Silk worms make silk Synthetic Polymers Synthetic Polymers –Manufactured, or synthesized, in factories –Polyester, nylon, plastics

Saturated, Unsaturated, or substituted hydrocarbon? H H H C OH

Saturated, Unsaturated, or Substituted Hydrocarbons? H HH H H H H H H H C CC C

Saturated, Unsaturated, or Substituted Hydrocarbon? H H H C OH

Saturated, Unsaturated, or Substituted Hydrocarbon? H H H CC Cl

Saturated, Unsaturated, or Substituted Hydrocarbon? H HC C HH

H H H CCOOH