“LED Lighting” International Facility Management Association Mike Bachman LC, CEM Power Smart Engineering

How Do LEDs Work?  An LED is a semiconductor device (diode) that emits light when an electric current passes through it. The diode produces a monochromatic (one colour) light on a single wavelength ranging from red (˜700 nanometres) to blue-violet (˜400 nanometres). Because LEDs produce a pure colour of light, tinted lenses are not needed to filter the light to the desired colour. As a result, all of the visible light is projected from the LED.  LEDs consume very little power – they are up to 90 percent efficient, which means that only a small proportion of the input energy is consumed to produce heat. In comparison, traditional light sources (e.g., incandescent bulbs) are 5 to 10 percent efficient, with 90 percent or more of the input energy wasted in the form of heat.  Another type of LED currently under development is made up of semiconducting organic polymers. These organic LEDs (OLEDs) are only about 10 percent efficient but are expected to be less expensive to manufacture than regular LEDs.

Solid State Lighting Basics (LED)  Solid State Lighting (SSL): Lighting that uses semiconductors to convert electricity into light. Other lighting technologies use filaments, gas, or plasma.  Thermal Management: A heat sink is a means of dissipating heat. Appropriate thermal management is critical in LED systems to reach the expected product lifespan.  Life (hours): For LED products, lamp life is considered to be the point at which the light output has depreciated to 70% of the initial output.

Light Emitting Diodes Solid State Light Source Extremely Flexible Potentially Long Lamp Life Dynamic Colour Opportunities Poor White Colour Rendering

More about LEDs LEDs are generally single points sources that stand-alone or are mounted in arrays LEDs are generally single points sources that stand-alone or are mounted in arrays LEDs are directional and ‘aim’ their light in a fairly straight way. Lenses can change this characteristic LEDs are directional and ‘aim’ their light in a fairly straight way. Lenses can change this characteristic LEDs get very hot and need effective ways to dissipate the heat or they will fail prematurely LEDs get very hot and need effective ways to dissipate the heat or they will fail prematurely LEDs are getting more and more Efficacious with time LEDs are getting more and more Efficacious with time

LED Luminaire Efficiency CW LED 4100K-6500K (CRI =70-80) WW LED 2800K-3500K (CRI >85)

OLEDs OLEDs are flat ‘sheets’ that are made up of multiple layers of thin films that when sandwiched together, emit light. OLEDs are flat ‘sheets’ that are made up of multiple layers of thin films that when sandwiched together, emit light. At present OLED development is limited, but they hold promise as potential replacements for light fixtures At present OLED development is limited, but they hold promise as potential replacements for light fixtures

OLED Sources

Osram Opto-Semiconductors 25 lumens per watt (the highest known efficiency achieved to date for white OLEDs) 25 lumens per watt (the highest known efficiency achieved to date for white OLEDs) produced by applying a standard external inorganic phosphor to a blue-emitting phosphorescent polymer device with a peak luminous efficacy of 14 lm/W produced by applying a standard external inorganic phosphor to a blue-emitting phosphorescent polymer device with a peak luminous efficacy of 14 lm/W Sources: White Light OLED Sources: White Light

OLED Sources: Colour Changing Light Osram Opto-Semiconductors the first polymer-OLED light source based on three printable polymer inks emitting in the RGB portion of the spectrum the first polymer-OLED light source based on three printable polymer inks emitting in the RGB portion of the spectrum the colours from dark blue to white, or any color preference, offering freedom of design and innovative illumination solutions, can be regulated the colours from dark blue to white, or any color preference, offering freedom of design and innovative illumination solutions, can be regulated

OLED Luminaire Efficiency OLED 2700K-4100K (CRI =80) L=1,000 cd/m2

Dimming LEDs  In a sense all LEDs are dimmable, the chip (LED) is not what dictates if it can be dimmed.  The driver (like a fluorescent ballast) is what has to have the internal components to allow this to work.

LED Lamps 7W LED 25W equivalent (120V) 40,000 hrs 230 Lumens Warm or cool white 9W LED 40W equivalent (120V) 25,000 hrs 3000K 80+ CRI

Lamps: Conventional  First DOE sponsored technology competition.  Intent to have manufacturers develop high-quality / high efficiency solid state lighting products to replace the common light bulb.  $10M for 60W inc replacement / $5M for PAR38 inc replacement.  Winning products must be similar to the products targeted for replacement, in terms of size, shape, operating environment, and light quantity, distribution, and quality.  “60W” must deliver minimum 900 lumens / 27K-30K / 25,000 hours. “More than 90 lm/W.”  PAR38 must deliver minimum 1350 lumens / 27K-30K / 25,000 hours.  Philips submitted first entry for 60W replacement (10W). Only 1400 sample lamps nationally & LDL has 4! (current testing for lumen depreciation).

Energy Star LED

Lamp Comparison Charts

LED Regulations Testing Standards Testing Standards Performance Standards Performance Standards Courtesy of DOE

LED Testing Standards PerformanceCriteria Corresponding Technical Standards Efficacy, Light Output, Input Power IESNA LM ANSI C Power Factor ANSI C Lumen Maintenance (L 70 ) IESNA LM Color Rendering Index ANSI C CIE IESNA LM IESNA LM Chromaticity and Correlated Color Temperature CIE 15: 2004 IESNA LM IESNA LM IESNA LM-16 Color Spatial Uniformity and Color Maintenance CIE 15: 2004 IESNA LM IESNA LM IESNA LM-16 Maximum Measured Power Supply Case or Manufacturer Designated Temperature Measurement Point (TMP PS ) Temperature Safety ANSI/UL 153 UL 1598 Noise Class A rating: Power supply ≤ 24 dB

LED Testing Standards (proposed) StandardsTitle/Content CIE TC1-69Color Quality Scale IES G-2LED Application Guidelines IES TM-21Method for Estimation of LED Lumen Depreciation as a Measure of Potential LED Life LM-XX1Approved Method for the Measurements of High Power LEDs LM-XX2LED "Light Engines and Integrated Lamp" Measurements NEMA SSL-1Electric Drivers for LED Devices, Arrays, or Systems

LED Performance Standards Programs Energy Star Energy Star Since 2008, the ENERGY STAR Solid-State Lighting Program has taken the initiative to run thorough tests on commercially available SSL products according to the industry standards. Since 2008, the ENERGY STAR Solid-State Lighting Program has taken the initiative to run thorough tests on commercially available SSL products according to the industry standards. Products that pass the examination will be rewarded with an ENERGY STAR-approved label. These labels serve as a symbol of confidence to consumers. Products that pass the examination will be rewarded with an ENERGY STAR-approved label. These labels serve as a symbol of confidence to consumers. DesignLights Consortium DesignLights Consortium Much like ENERGY STAR, DesignLights Consortium (DLC) conducts regular tests on SSL products. Upon adequate test results, each individual product will thus be placed on their Qualified Products List (QPL). Much like ENERGY STAR, DesignLights Consortium (DLC) conducts regular tests on SSL products. Upon adequate test results, each individual product will thus be placed on their Qualified Products List (QPL). DLC works closely with ENERGY STAR, and their primary role is to cover products which fall in a category where the corresponding standards have yet to be completed by ENERGY STAR (i.e. streetlights). DLC works closely with ENERGY STAR, and their primary role is to cover products which fall in a category where the corresponding standards have yet to be completed by ENERGY STAR (i.e. streetlights).

LED Performance Standards Programs Lighting Facts This DOE sponsored program issues special Lighting Facts CM labels for SSL products all across North America. On these labels are convenient performance data for each corresponding SSL product, thus provide consumers with a quick glance of how well each product compares to LM-79 criteria. This DOE sponsored program issues special Lighting Facts CM labels for SSL products all across North America. On these labels are convenient performance data for each corresponding SSL product, thus provide consumers with a quick glance of how well each product compares to LM-79 criteria.

Too Good To Be True?

SSL RECESSED DOWNLIGHTS Lumen (Light) OutputSimilar/Better than CFL Efficacy (Output light per input watt)Similar/Better than CFL Power ConsumptionSimilar/Lower than CFL Adoption RiskLOW SSL Recessed Downlights Courtesy of DOE

SSL RECESSED TROFFERS Lumen (Light) Output Similar to Fluorescent Efficacy (Output light per input watt)Similar to Fluorescent Power ConsumptionSimilar to Fluorescent Adoption RiskLOW - MEDIUM SSL Recessed Troffers Courtesy of DOE

4ft Linear Replacement LED Lamps Lumen (Light) Output Lower than Fluorescent Efficacy (Output light per input watt)Lower than Fluorescent Power ConsumptionSimilar to Fluorescent Adoption RiskHIGH 4ft Linear Replacement LED Lamps Courtesy of DOE

SSL DIRECTIONAL LAMPS Lumen (Light) OutputLower than Halogen/CFL, Similar to Inc Efficacy (Output light per input watt)Lower than Halogen/CFL, Similar to Inc Power ConsumptionLower than Halogen/CFL, Similar to Inc Beam IntensityLower than Halogen Adoption RiskMEDIUM - HIGH SSL Directional Replacement Lamps Courtesy of DOE

SSL STREETLIGHTS & OUTDOOR AREAS Lumen (Light) Output Similar to FL, generally less than Efficacy (Output light per input watt) Similar to FL & HPS Power Consumption Similar to FL, lower than HPS Adoption Risk LOW SSL for Streetlights & Outdoor Areas Courtesy of DOE

SSL Cost Evolution SSL price could be reduced: 10 times by 2017 (LED)/ 2020 (OLED) 20 times by 2025 Courtesy of DOE

In a pilot demonstration study at Schuyler Ridge Residential Health Care, LRC researchers installed automated LEDs to determine whether energy- efficient lighting solutions: - could improve the comfort and care of seniors - assist the nursing staff in their nightly rounds - help residents navigate facility hallways Lighting for Long-term Care Facility Courtesy: LRC

Architectural lighting: dimming and adjustment of colour temperature Architectural lighting: dimming and adjustment of colour temperature White Light High Flux LED Sources Courtesy: Go Energy Efficiency

LED Street Lighting City of Oakland, CA

Better uniformity Improved visibility White colour Face identification Courtesy: LRC HPSLED LED Security/Perimeter Lighting

*May use occupancy/motion sensors for additional energy savings Courtesy LRC LED Parkade Lighting

Power Smart Programs PSPX – prescriptive approach one for one retro-fit, simple projects represented by a Key Account Manager PSPX – prescriptive approach one for one retro-fit, simple projects represented by a Key Account Manager PIP – for small and medium customers that are not represented by a Key Account Manager PIP – for small and medium customers that are not represented by a Key Account Manager On-line application products must be listed on e-catalog Power Smart Partners Custom – must be a comprehensive project should include redesign and controls Power Smart Partners Custom – must be a comprehensive project should include redesign and controls New Construction Programs – Whole building, Lighting only New Construction Programs – Whole building, Lighting only

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