Unsaturated Hydrocarbons And Their Halogen Derivatives IUG, Fall 2012 Dr Tarek Zaida IUG, Fall 2012 Dr Tarek Zaida

Alkenes and Alkynes 1. Alkenes are compounds containing carbon – carbon double bonds The simplest alkene, ethene, is a plant hormone. Alkenes have physical properties similar to those of alkanes. They are less dense than water and, being nonpolar, are not very soluble in water. As with alkanes, compounds with four or fewer carbons are gases, whereas higher homologs are volatile liquids. 1. Alkenes are compounds containing carbon – carbon double bonds The simplest alkene, ethene, is a plant hormone. Alkenes have physical properties similar to those of alkanes. They are less dense than water and, being nonpolar, are not very soluble in water. As with alkanes, compounds with four or fewer carbons are gases, whereas higher homologs are volatile liquids.

2. Alkynes, compounds containing carbon–carbon triple bonds, are similar to alkenes in their physical properties and chemical behavior. 2. Alkynes, compounds containing carbon–carbon triple bonds, are similar to alkenes in their physical properties and chemical behavior.

General structural formula of Alkene and Alkynes

Both of these classes of hydrocarbons are unsaturated, because they contain fewer hydrogens per carbon than alkanes (C n H 2n+2 ). Alkanes can be obtained from alkenes or alkynes by adding 1 or 2 moles of hydrogen. Both of these classes of hydrocarbons are unsaturated, because they contain fewer hydrogens per carbon than alkanes (C n H 2n+2 ). Alkanes can be obtained from alkenes or alkynes by adding 1 or 2 moles of hydrogen.

What are all of the structural possibilities for the compound C 3 H 4 ?

Nomenclature The IUPAC rules for naming alkenes and alkynes are similar to those for alkanes but a few rules must be added for naming and locating the multiple bonds. 1. The ending -ene is used to designate a carbon– carbon double bond. When more than one double bond is present, the ending is -diene, - triene, and so on. The ending -yne is used for a triple bond (-diyne for two triple bonds and so on). Compounds with a double and a triple bond are -enynes. 2. Select the longest chain that includes both carbons of the double or triple bond. The IUPAC rules for naming alkenes and alkynes are similar to those for alkanes but a few rules must be added for naming and locating the multiple bonds. 1. The ending -ene is used to designate a carbon– carbon double bond. When more than one double bond is present, the ending is -diene, - triene, and so on. The ending -yne is used for a triple bond (-diyne for two triple bonds and so on). Compounds with a double and a triple bond are -enynes. 2. Select the longest chain that includes both carbons of the double or triple bond.

For example,

3. Number the chain from the end nearest the multiple bond so that the carbon atoms in that bond have the lowest possible numbers. If the multiple bond is equidistant from both ends of the chain, number the chain from the end nearest the first branch point. 3. Number the chain from the end nearest the multiple bond so that the carbon atoms in that bond have the lowest possible numbers. If the multiple bond is equidistant from both ends of the chain, number the chain from the end nearest the first branch point.

4. Indicate the position of the multiple bond using the lower numbered carbon atom of that bond. For example, 5. If more than one multiple bond is present, number the chain from the end nearest the first multiple bond. 4. Indicate the position of the multiple bond using the lower numbered carbon atom of that bond. For example, 5. If more than one multiple bond is present, number the chain from the end nearest the first multiple bond.

If a double and a triple bond are equidistant from the end of the chain, the double bond receives the lowest numbers. For example, If a double and a triple bond are equidistant from the end of the chain, the double bond receives the lowest numbers. For example,

The root of the name (eth- or prop-) tells us the number of carbons, and the ending (-ane, -ene, or -yne) tells us whether the bonds are single, double, or triple. No number is necessary in these cases, because in each instance, only one structure is possible. With four carbons, a number is necessary to locate the double or triple bond. The root of the name (eth- or prop-) tells us the number of carbons, and the ending (-ane, -ene, or -yne) tells us whether the bonds are single, double, or triple. No number is necessary in these cases, because in each instance, only one structure is possible. With four carbons, a number is necessary to locate the double or triple bond.

Branches are named in the usual way

Cycloalkenes

Reactions of Alkenes 1. Hydrogenation:

Same with cycloalkenes

19 2. Addition of Halogens to Alkenes X 2 = Cl 2 and Br 2

Polymers Large organic molecules formed from joining similar smaller molecules together. The process is called polymerization. Large organic molecules formed from joining similar smaller molecules together. The process is called polymerization.

Types of polymers 1.Naturally occurring: Proteins, Starch, Cellulose Rubber Isoprene (present in natural rubber) 1.Naturally occurring: Proteins, Starch, Cellulose Rubber Isoprene (present in natural rubber)

2. Synthetic polymers: Plastic Nylon Rayon (from cellulose) Dacron (polyester) 2. Synthetic polymers: Plastic Nylon Rayon (from cellulose) Dacron (polyester)

Medical Uses of Polymers 1.Synthetic heart valves 2.Blood vessels 3.Surgical mesh 4.Disposable syringes 5.Drug containers 1.Synthetic heart valves 2.Blood vessels 3.Surgical mesh 4.Disposable syringes 5.Drug containers

Because rotation at carbon–carbon double bonds is restricted, cis–trans isomerism (geometric isomerism) is possible in appropriately substituted alkenes. For example, 1,2-dichloroethene exists in two different forms: Because rotation at carbon–carbon double bonds is restricted, cis–trans isomerism (geometric isomerism) is possible in appropriately substituted alkenes. For example, 1,2-dichloroethene exists in two different forms: Cis–Trans Isomerism

Cis-trans isomerism is possible for ring structure too:  Draw the structures of the cis-1,2- dimethylcyclopropane & trans-1,2- dimethylcyclopropane Cis-trans isomerism is possible for ring structure too:  Draw the structures of the cis-1,2- dimethylcyclopropane & trans-1,2- dimethylcyclopropane

Cis-trans occurs in fatty acids A biologically active cis-trans isomer is Cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of cancer.

Examples of biologically important Alkenes Ethene Linolenic acid Arachidonic acid β-carotene Vitamin A Isoprene Ethene Linolenic acid Arachidonic acid β-carotene Vitamin A Isoprene