Organic Chemistry Alkanes (end with –ane, simplest hydrocarbons, contain only single covalent bonds) # of C Prefix Simple Formula 1 meth- CH4 2 eth- C2H6 3 prop- C3H8 4 but- C4H10 5 pent- C5H12 6 hex- C6H14 7 hept- C7H16 8 oct- C8H18 9 non- C9H20 10 dec- C10H22

-all alkanes that are straight chains are named n-alkane (means normal) C4H10 = n-butane -look at pg 1010 *iso-, and neo-

Branched Chain Alkanes -alkane group takes the place of a H atom -called a substituent alkyl group- hydrocarbon substituent -ends with –yl (take away -ane) -contains one less H -look at # of C to name ex- CH3 = methyl C2H5 = ethyl

Naming Branched Chain Alkanes Find the longest chain = parent molecule ex- heptane # the C’s in the chain, making sure alkyl groups have lower numbers, can count backwards ex- 2,3,4 instead of 4,5,6 Add #’s to names of alkyl groups, with a dash in between ex: 2-methyl 3-methyl 4-ethyl

Use prefixes to denote multiples of the same alkyl groups, commas between #’s ex- 2,3-dimethyl Put alkyl groups in alphabetical order ignoring prefixes ex- 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl **Use proper punctuation -commas separate #’s -hyphens separate #’s and letters -no spaces

Add parent chain name ex- 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane *Remember prefixes* 2 = di- 3 = tri- 4 = tetra- 5 = penta- 6 = hexa- 7 = hepta- 8 = octa- 9 = nona- 10 = deca-

Drawing Structural Formula From Name Find parent chain and draw # C’s on parent chain Identify substituents and attach to proper C Add hydrogen as needed Try These!! 3-ethylhexane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 3) 3-ethyl-3,4-dimethyloctane

saturated compounds- contain max # of H -all alkanes, all single C-C bonds unsaturated compounds- do not contain max # of H -contain double or triple C-C bonds -alkenes and alkynes Alkenes -contain at least one double C═C bond

Naming Alkenes Find longest chain containing double bond -this is parent chain -gets –ene ending ex- butene # so that C atoms of the double bond get the lowest #’s, then look at alkyl groups to get lowest # -double bond gets numbered in the name ex- 2-butene

Substituents get named the same as alkanes ex- 2-methyl Put all together ex: 2-methyl-2-butene Alkynes -named same way except end in –yne http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/organic_nomenclature_quizzes.htm

Structural Isomers -compounds that have the same simple formula, but different structural formulas Ex- C4H10 n-butane 2-methylpropane Try This!! Write the structural formulas/skeleton formulas and names for the nine isomers of heptane

Cyclic Hydrocarbons-contain a hydrocarbon ring -all single bonded cyclic hydrocarbons are named with the prefix cyclo- ex- cyclopropane -if have subgroups, name just like before

Try these!! 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane 1,3-dimethylcyclopentane

unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons/aromatic hydrocarbons -contain 6 carbon with 3 double bonds -called benzene =

-benzene can have subgroups coming off of it 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylbenzene methylbenzene

-if benzene is a substituent it is called phenyl 2-phenylpropane -or isopropylbenzene

Functional Groups **R represents C chain attached to functional group Halocarbons R-X X= a halogen functional group = halogen -use root of halogen to name

ex- chloromethane 1,4-dibromobenzene

Alcohols R-OH functional group = OH (hydroxyl) -name same as others except ending on parent chain drops the –e and gets an –ol -must number where the -OH is located -alcohols containing 2, 3 or 4 –OH get prefix (diol, triol, tetrol) after parent chain ex- methanol

1,2-ethanediol 2-methyl-2-propanol

Ethers R-O-R functional group = ether -name R groups then add ether (space between) ex- ethylmethyl ether diphenyl ether

Aldehydes functional group = carbonyl group -name same as others, but gets the –al ending -OH is always on the terminal carbon, so no need to number ex- propanal

3-phenyl-2-propenal 2-methylbutanal

Ketones functional group = carbonyl group -to name, drop –e on parent chain and add –one -number so ═O gets lowest # ex- propanone

2,4-dimethyl-3-hexanone diphenylmethanone

Carboxylic Acids functional group = carboxyl -ends with –oic acid ex- ethanoic acid

4-methyl-3-pentenoic acid

Esters functional group = ester -get –oate ending, with space between, parent chain is where ester group is located -esters have fruity, pleasant odors ex- ethyl ethanoate

butyl propanoate ethyl pentanoate

Amines functional group = amine group -named by groups attached and end with amine ex- ethylamine

trimethylamine ethylmethylamine

Summary Type Structure Group Ending halocarbon R-X X=halogen root of halogen alcohol R-OH hydroxyl -ol ether R-O-R ether ether aldehyde carbonyl -al *on terminal carbon ketone carbonyl -one carboxylic acid -COOH carboxyl -oic acid ester ester -oate amine NR3 amine amine