Radicals There are 7 valence electrons around the C in this species. Would you expect this species to be stable? a. no b. yes c.not enough information.

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Presentation transcript:

Radicals There are 7 valence electrons around the C in this species. Would you expect this species to be stable? a. no b. yes c.not enough information methyl radical

Radicals ethyl radical What do you think it indicates about the ethyl radical relative to the methyl radical that the ethyl radicals BDE is lower? a. Ethane is less stable than methane. b. Ethyl radical has more steric hindrance. c. Ethyl radical has a more pyramidal geometry d. BDE’s don’t indicate anything about radicals. e. Ethyl radical is more stable than the methyl radical.

The questions in slides 5 and 6 are based on the table in slide 4.

Radical Stability BDE kcal/mole HH Radical Stability Me-H  Me  + H  Et-H  Et  + H  i-Pr-H  i-Pr  + H  96 t-Bu-H  t-Bu  +H  93.3

Radical Stability What is happening to  H  with increasing substitution at the radical C? a. It increases as substitution at the radical C increases. b. It decreases as substitution at the radical C increases. c. There is no significant effect as substitution increases.

Radical Stability What is the relative order of radical stability? a. 3° > 2° > 1° > methyl b. 3° < 2° < 1° < methyl c. Radical stability cannot be determined from this data

Photohalogenation Once methyl chloride forms, is there any reason why it couldn’t react with Cl 2 ? a. Yes. The reaction doesn’t produce any other products. b. No. The methyl chloride can react and produce more products.

Photohalogenation of Ethane Which step (combination or disproportionation) is more favorable entropically? a.Combination b.Disproportionation c. Both  same

Site of Free Radical Halogenation Depends on 1. reactivity of H typeH on 3  C > 2  C > 1  C > CH 3 -H Why would this be true? a. This order reflects the order of radical stability. b. This order reflects the ease with which the halogen can approach the H. c. This order reflects the BDE’s of the C-H bonds. d. Both a. and c.

Site of Free Radical Halogenation 2. Depends on # of 1 , 2 , and 3  H’s Why would this be true? a. This order reflects the ease with which the halogen can approach the H. b. Statistical. Chlorine atom is more likely to collide and react with more abundant H. c. Increasing the number of a given type of H increases its inherent reactivity.

Free Radical Addition to Alkenes Mechanism Which radical is more likely to form (from path a or from path b)?

Free Radical Addition to Alkenes Mechanism If a free radical added to the alkene, but there was no H- Br to react with it, what reaction would be left to the new alkyl free radical? a. Combination with another radical. b. Disproportionation with another radical. c. Atom abstraction from alkene. d. Addition onto another alkene molecule.

Polymers The mechanical strength of a polymer material is dependent on its average molecular weight. The higher it is, the stronger the material will be. Which termination step (combination or disproportionation) favors strong materials a. disproportionation b. combination c. neither

Polymers Why is head to tail addition favored? a. It produces the more stable polymer. b. It produces the strongest bonds. c. It is favored entropically. d. Head to tail addition leads to the more stable radical.

Predict which product(s) will be formed in significant amounts. d.None of the above e.All of the above

Which of the following is not a reactive intermediate in the mechanism of the reaction producing the product shown? d. Br· e. all reactive intermediates in the reaction

The question in slide 19 refers to the structures in slide 18.

Antioxidants What factor(s) lead to this being a very unreactive radical that will inhibit further reaction? a. resonance stabilized radical is unreactive b. steric hindrance to further reactions with radical c. oxygen radicals are particularly unreactive due to their electronegativity d. b and c e. a and b

Atherosclerosis Which of the following sites would not produce a resonance stabilized radical after a H was abstracted? (These H’s would be less reactive.)

Predict the product(s) of the following reaction.

Reactions of Aromatic Substituents What benzyl reactive intermediate would be involved in the previous reaction?