Anabolism: What micro- organisms do with all that 1. Reducing power 2.Energy 3. Raw building materials

Reducing Power NADH/FADH  glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle NADPH  oxidative photophosphorylation NADPH  anaerobic photophosphorylation 1. Reverse electron flow 2. Protons from inorganic molecules (H 2 S, S 2 O 3 ) Protons leached from Fe-S containing molecules in PSI in anaerobic photo-phosphorylation

Energy--ATP 1. Oxidation of organic molecules (glycolysis/Kreb’s cycle) 2. Electron transport: A. oxidative phosphorylation (PMF) chemiosmosis)— oxygen the final proton/electron acceptor B. anaerobic– inorganic molecules final electron acceptor 3.Oxidation of inorganic molecules (usually fed into electron transport chain) 4. Dissimulative reduction of inorganic molecules (CO 2, sulfides and iron 5. Oxidative and anaerobic photophosphorylation

Raw building materials Carbon/Nitrogen/Phosphorous etc. from the catabolism of carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids strange organic matter such as petroleum Carbon from CO2 fixation Nitrogen from Nitrogen (N2) fixation Etc.

Integrated pathway for catabolism and anabolism  -keto glutarate CARBOHYDRATES Glucose Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA oxaloacetate succinate Kreb’s cycle Amino acids Amino acids Amino acids Fatty acids LIPIDS A.A A.A. purines pyrimidines NUCLEIC ACIDS Ribose n.b. amino acids (A.A) PROTEINS

One strange thing bacteria can eat for energy and biomass—Petrol !!! Mediated by oxygen and the enzyme mono-oxygenase variety of yeasts/ molds and bacteria

Another strange thing—benzene/toluene Requires oxygen, NADH. Aliphatic carbons are converted to linear molecules that can be catabolized to succinate/Acetyl-CoA/pyruvate which enter Kreb’s cycle—Pseudomonas spp.

CO 2 fixation (Calvin cycle, reverse TCA cycle and hydroxy-proprionate cycle) How autotrophs reduce CO 2 into material they can use for biomass.

Calvin cycle In: CO2, NADPH and ATP Out: Fructose-6 phos intermediate of glycolysis

Reverse TCA cycle

Hydroxy-proprionate cycle

Nitrogen fixation: atmospheric nitrogen to fixed nitrogen that can be utilized by plants and bacteria

Agricultural significance of nitrogen fixation: Crop rotations with plants that form intimate symbiotic relationships with Rhizobium spp. (bacteria in root nodules) peas, beans, soybean, alfalfa, clover Pre seed watery environments with cyanobacteria (Anabaena azollae) and the water fern Azolla. Plant rice  as rice plants grow they crowd out and kill the water fern thus releasing the nitrogen that they require pgs in text book