Rhizobium Activity Manhasset Science Research. Need Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (Brunt, 1996) Asia leads in soybean production and intake (Westcott, 2008)

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Rhizobium Activity Manhasset Science Research

Need Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (Brunt, 1996) Asia leads in soybean production and intake (Westcott, 2008) Unaffected Pea Leaf Bean Mosaic Pea Leaf

Knowledge Base (Deacon, 2009) Nodule formation on stem causes growth stimulation (Burdass, 2002) Aphids (Homoptera) transmit BYMV (Day, 1996) (Clark, 1998)

(Townsend, 2009) Honeydew is a large amount of sugary liquid waste, adding up of plants and infecting them (Townsend, 2009) Knowledge Base

Poole, 2006 Rhizobium is the most important bacterial group in nitrogen fixation (Burdass, 2002)

Knowledge Base (Hogan, 2008) Excess nitrogen can boost plant growth by 20% in Southeast Asian forests like this (Hogan, 2008)

Knowledge Base González, 2006 Nodule formation processes (Burdass, 2002)

Knowledge Base (Dhabi, 2008) (Poole, 2006) Soybeans have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia (De Moraes, 2009)

Literature Review “Induced Plant Signaling And Its Implications For Environmental Sensing”. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Consuelo De Moraes. Inoculant rhizobium produces nitrogen fixation and exterminates aphids (De Moraes, 2004) (Gepts,2009)

Literature Review “'Natural' Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Protect Soybeans From Aphids”. Penn State University. Jennifer Dean. (Dean, 2009) Dean suggests inoculant companies’ rhizobium provids less nitrogen fixation, and greater pest extermination.

Literature Review “Bacteria.” Botany An Introduction to Plant Biology. Elliot T. Wier, Ralph C. Stocking, Michael C. Barbour. (Brown, 1996) (Poole, 2006) Rhizobium is one of few bacteria that doesn’t harm the host plant (Wier, 1974)

Literature Review “Rhizobium- legume Symbiosis.” Department of Molecular & Cell Biology. Juan E. González. Exopolysaccharides (microorganisms) may play a role in nitrogen fixaton

Literature Review “Characterisation of Hardenbergia Mosaic Virus and Development of Microarrays for Detecting Viruses in Plants.” Murdoch University. Craig Graham Webster. Potyvirus can cause malformation of legumes such as these cucumbers

Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of an experiment testing the effects of rhizobium on nodulation processes and aphid extermination is to find which specific type or strand of rhizobium, natural or inoculants, will better form nodules, and decrease aphid activity. H(a) suggests that inoculant rhizobium will better form nodules and exterminate aphids

Methods Rhizobium Strain Effects On Nitrogen Fixation and Aphid Extermination Natural rhizobium strains N=10 Oil based inoculant rhizobium strains N= days incubation, sub culturing TY plates, growth in media and nodulation Aphids exposed to nodules Nodules formed in effect of inoculant/ natural strains Percentage of aphids exterminated by inoculant/ natural strains ANOVA, Scheffe post-hoc test: inoculants with natural rhizobium (p<.05)

Methods Protocols -Isozation processes -Nodulation testing Taranto, 2003Hollowell, 2009

Do-Ability -Incubators and microscopes will not have to be purchased -Rhizobium Inoculum, soybean seeds, prepared media plates, and Homopteran aphid bugs are easily purchasable from online catalogs

VendorCatalog #Page/WebsiteQuantityDescriptionPriceTotal Carolina Science CatalogNP Rhizobium Inoculum$13.00 $13.00 Carolina Science CatalogNP Lab Incubator$ $ Online Carolina Science Catalog Soybean Seeds$9.00 $9.00 Carolina Science CatalogNP Educational Microscope $ $ Online Carolina Science Catalog Prepared media plates$14.50 $14.50 WebWab Online Homopteran aphid bugs$5.99 $5.99 Budget

Citations Beringer, J.E.”R Factor Transfer in Rhizobium Leguminosarum.” Journal of General Microbiology. Vol Pps Brown, Kathryn. “Vaccine Cuisine.” Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol Pps 3. Burdass, Dariel. “Rhizobium, Root Nodules & Nitrogen Fixation.” society for general Microbiology Microbiology Online Byrd, John D. “General Information and Agronomic Aspects.” infonet-BIOVISION BioVision framework. 5 May biovision.org/default/ct/137/crops Day, Eric. “Aphid.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 May Dean, Jennifer. “'Natural' Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria Protect Soybeans From Aphids.” PHYSORG.com Penn State University. 14 Apr De Moraes, Consuelo. “INDUCED PLANT SIGNALING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING.” Taylor & Francis healthsciences Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. s/ToxiDeMoraes.pdf s/ToxiDeMoraes.pdf

Citations Dhabi, Adu. “Soybeans.” Glynnise.com PinoyVegetarian. May /03/soybean.jpg&imgrefurl= VqFFGmmMWJ9YI6p9SC7bbfmAs=&h=395&w=300&sz=75&hl=en&start=1&tbnid= 6Lr3bGxwCSB7hM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=94&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsoybean%26gbv %3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DGGlynnise.com 9/03/soybean.jpg&imgrefurl= VqFFGmmMWJ9YI6p9SC7bbfmAs=&h=395&w=300&sz=75&hl=en&start=1&tbnid= 6Lr3bGxwCSB7hM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=94&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsoybean%26gbv %3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Gepts, Paul. “Contemporary Methods in the Study of Crop Evolution.” PLB143- Lecture Archaeology. September, /lec06/nod1.gif&imgrefurl= lec06/pb143l06.htm&usg=__X2E6CQqkGpEjA5Z23Zk6lkkhn0M=&h=479&w=389&s z=84&hl=en&start=17&um=1&tbnid=nLNjRQMrwRo8xM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=105& prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnitrogen%2Bfixation%2Bsoybeans%26hl%3Den%26um%3D /lec06/nod1.gif&imgrefurl= lec06/pb143l06.htm&usg=__X2E6CQqkGpEjA5Z23Zk6lkkhn0M=&h=479&w=389&s z=84&hl=en&start=17&um=1&tbnid=nLNjRQMrwRo8xM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=105& prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnitrogen%2Bfixation%2Bsoybeans%26hl%3Den%26um%3D 1 González, Juan E. “Faculty and Research.” Department of Molecular & Cell Biology Research Interests. 6 Feb Hogan, Michele. “Nitrogen Pollution Boosts Plant Growth In Tropics By 20 Percent.” Science News Science Daily. 12 Feb Kimball, John W. “Nitrogen Fixation.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 May Townsend, Lee. “Aphids.” University of Kentucky Entomology College of Agriculture. 6 March

Citations González, Juan E. “Faculty and Research.” Department of Molecular & Cell Biology Research Interests. 6 Feb Hogan, Michele. “Nitrogen Pollution Boosts Plant Growth In Tropics By 20 Percent.” Science News Science Daily. 12 Feb Kimball, John W. “Nitrogen Fixation.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 May Townsend, Lee. “Aphids.” University of Kentucky Entomology College of Agriculture. 6 March