آناتومی و فیزیولوژی تهيه و تنظيم : بهنام پورگرمرودى.

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Presentation transcript:

آناتومی و فیزیولوژی تهيه و تنظيم : بهنام پورگرمرودى

آناتومى مجاری هوايی غير تنفسی مجاری هوايی تنفسی

برونشيولهای تنفسی مجاری آلوئولی آلوئولها

Basic Anatomy Upper Airway –humidifies inhaled gases –site of most resistance to airflow Lower Airway –conducting airways (anatomic dead space) –respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (gas exchange)

Basic Physiology Negative pressure circuit –Gradient between mouth and pleural space is the driving pressure –need to overcome resistance –maintain alveolus open overcome elastic recoil forces – Balance between elastic recoil of chest wall and the lung

تهويه مكانيكی تهويه مكانيكی ريه به حركت هوا به داخل و خارج ريه اطلاق ميشود كه توسط فعاليت ماهيچه های تنفسی ايجاد ميشود.

Basic Physiology

Ventilation Carbon Dioxide PaCO 2 = k * metabolic production alveolar minute ventilation Alveolar MV = resp. rate * effective tidal vol. Effective TV = TV - dead space Dead Space = anatomic + physiologic

تنفس تنفس در واقع به معنای تبادل اكسيژن و دی اكسيد كربن بين سلول ها و محيط خارج است. اگر تبادلات اكسيژن و دی اكسيد كربن در سطح سلولی باشد تنفس داخلی Respiration Internal ناميده ميشود و اگر تبادلات گازی در سطح آلوئولهای ريوی ،انجام گيرد تنفس خارجی External Respiration ناميده ميشود.

Respiration Ventilation: air entering and leaving the alveoli. Transfer through the alveolo- capillary membrane : exchange of O 2 and CO 2 between the blood in the capillaries and the gases in the alveoli. Perfusion - Circulation : transfer of O 2 from the pulmonary capillaries to the cells of the body and transfer of CO 2 from the cells to the pulmonary capillaries. Cellular respiration : transfer of O 2 in the blood to the cells and CO 2 from the cells to the blood. PHYSIOLOGY

Alveolar/capillary membrane Capillary Alveolus O2O2 CO 2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 Membrane

Oxygenation Oxygen : –Minute ventilation is the amount of fresh gas delivered to the alveolus –Partial pressure of oxygen in alveolus (P A O 2 ) is the driving pressure for gas exchange across the alveolar-capillary barrier –P A O 2 = ({Atmospheric pressure - water vapor}*FiO 2 ) - P a CO 2 / RQ –Match perfusion to alveoli that are well ventilated –Hemoglobin is fully saturated 1/3 of the way thru the capillary

PalvCO 2 =% CO 2 x Palv e.g. 5 % x 760 = 38 mm Hg PalvO 2 =% O 2 x PALV e.g % x 760 = 101 mm Hg e.g. 50 % x 760 = 380 mm Hg e.g. 50 % x ( ) = 393 mm Hg (25 mm Hg = 33 cm H 2 O) PalvCO=5 % x 760 =38 mm Hg PalvO 2 =45 % x 760 =342 mm Hg PalvN 2 =50 % x 760 =380 mm Hg 760 mm Hg The alveolus

Gaseous exchange O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O 2- Hb - O 2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 xx O 2- Hb - O 2 O2O2 O2O2 Fixed and dissolved oxygen % SAT PaO 2 Oxygen dissociation curve Partial oxygen pressures in the blood

Oxygenation

Gaseous exchange Hemoglobin dissociation curve Veinous PO 2 = 40 Sat = 75 Arterial PO 2 = 100 Sat = 97 HEMOGLOBIN SATURATION O 2 CONTENT IN ml/100ml PO 2 mm Hg

Gaseous exchange Correspondence between PaO 2 and SaO 2 at normal pH PaO 2 mm Hg SaO 2 %

Gaseous exchange Oxygen transfer AIR INHALED ALVEOLAR GAS ARTERIEL BLOOD VEINOUS BLOOD TISSUE PO 2 kPa Alveoli O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 Cells 1 mmHg = 1,359 cmH2O 1 cmH2O = 0,735 mmHg 1 hPa = 1 cmH2O = 1 mbar

Gaseous exchange Transfer of carbon dioxide TISSUE VEINOUS BLOOD ARTERIAL BLOOD EXHALED AIR PCO 2 kPa Alveoli CO 2 Tissue

تغييرات پاتولوژيك در روابط بين تهويه به پرفيوژن شامل : شنت (Shunt) گردش خون مناسب اما تهويه آلوئولی ناكافی مثل : ادم ريه و ARDS آتلكتازی و پنومونی SHUNT ZONE NORMAL UNIT

تغييرات پاتولوژيك در روابط بين تهويه به پرفيوژن شامل : فضای مرده آلوئولی (Dead Space) تهويه مناسب اما گردش خون ناكافی مثل : آمبولی ريه NORMAL UNIT DEAD SPACE

فاز خاموشی (Silent) زمانيكه گردش خون و تهويه هر دو ناكافی باشد مثل : پنومونكتومی تغييرات پاتولوژيك در روابط بين تهويه به پرفيوژن شامل : NORMAL UNIT SILENT ZONE

Abnormal Gas Exchange Hypoxemia can be due to: –hypoventilation –V/Q mismatch –shunt –diffusion impairments Hypercarbia can be due to: –hypoventilation –V/Q mismatch Due to differences between oxygen and CO 2 in their solubility and respective disassociation curves, shunt and diffusion impairments do not result in hypercarbia

Gas Exchange Hypoventilation and V/Q mismatch are the most common causes of abnormal gas exchange in the PICU Can correct hypoventilation by increasing minute ventilation Can correct V/Q mismatch by increasing amount of lung that is ventilated or by improving perfusion to those areas that are ventilated

Mechanical Ventilation What we can manipulate…… –Minute Ventilation (increase respiratory rate, tidal volume) –Pressure Gradient = A-a equation ( increase atmospheric pressure, FiO 2, increase ventilation, change RQ) –Surface Area = volume of lungs available for ventilation (increase volume by increasing airway pressure, i.e., mean airway pressure) –Solubility = ?perflurocarbons?

كمپليانس ريه (Compliance) قابليت اتساع ريه ها و قفسه سينه را كمپليانس يا پذيرش ريه مي نامند كه عبارت از افزايش حجم ريه ها به ازای يك واحد افزايش فشار در داخل آلوئولها ست.

Mechanical Ventilation If volume is set, pressure varies…..if pressure is set, volume varies….. ….according to the compliance…... COMPLIANCE =  Volume /  Pressure

Compliance Burton SL & Hubmayr RD: Determinants of Patient-Ventilator Interactions: Bedside Waveform Analysis, in Tobin MJ (ed): Principles & Practice of Intensive Care Monitoring

مقاومت ريه :(Resistance) مقاومت عبارت از اندازه گيری موانع موجود برای جريان گاز در كل راههای هوايی است.

حجمها و ظرفيتهای ريوی : حجم جاری (VT : Tidal volume) حجمی از هواست كه با يك دم عادی به ريه ها وارد و با يك بازدم معمولی از ريه ها خارج می شود. مقدار آن 6-8 ML/Kg يا در حدود 500 ML است.

حجمها و ظرفيتهای ريوی حجم ذخيره دمی IRV: Inspiratory Reserve Volume حجم هوای اضافی دمی است كه می توان به دنبال يك دم عادی، با يك دم عميق وارد ريه ها نمود. مقدار آن در حدود 3000 ميلی ليتر است.

حجمها و ظرفيتهای ريوی حجم ذخيره بازدمی (ERV : Expiratory Reserve Volume) حجمی از هواست كه می توان بعد از پايان يك بازدم عادی ، با يك بازدم قوی از ريه ها خارج كرد. مقدار آن در حدود 1100 ميلی ليتر است.

حجمها و ظرفيتهای ريوی حجم باقيمانده (RV : Residual Volume) حجمی از هواست كه حتی با شديدترين بازدم نيز در ريه ها باقی می ماند و مانع از كلاپس آلوئولها می گردد. مقدار تقريبی آن 1200 ميلی ليتر است.

IC : Inspiratory capacity=VT+IRV) ظرفيت دمی (FRC : Functional Residual Capacity=ERV+RV) ظرفيت باقيمانده عملی (VC = Vital Capacitity)= IRV+VT+ERV) ظرفيت حياتی

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