Organic Chemistry  Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds derived from living organisms.

Organic Compounds Contain C bonded to other elements, commonly H, O, N, S, and halogens Carbon –Can form many different compounds due to its hybrid orbitals –Has intermediate electonegativity, so its most likely to form molecular compounds (Recall: molecular compounds have diverse properties) –Can make single, double, and triple bonds –Can form isomers (same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms)

Isomers Structural Isomers have the same molecular formula but the atoms are bonded together in a different sequence Stereoisomers are molecules with the same molecular formula, a same sequence of atoms but they have different 3D orientations

Stereoisomers Diastereomers form around a double bond and each carbon atom involved in the bond must have different types of atoms bonded to it Enantiomers are mirror images of each other

Types of Hydrocarbons Saturated: Contain the maximum number of hydrogens, single bonds between all carbons Unsaturated: Contain 1 + double or triple bonds

Aliphatic Carbons are arranged in chains Cyclic: Carbons are arranged in rings Aromatic: Contain a benzene ring Types of Hydrocarbons

Homologous series This is a series of compounds which all contain the same functional group, and have similar chemical properties. ALKANESALKENESALCOHOLS CH 4 CH 2 =CH 2 CH 3 OH CH 3 -CH 3 CH 2 =CH – CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 OH Each has a general formula: ALKANES: C n H 2n+2 The members of the series differ by the number of CH 2 units. CH 3 -CH 3, CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3, CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Graduation in physical properties: eg: boiling points. CH 4 (GAS), C 8 H 18 (LIQUID), C 30 H 62 (SOLID)

Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon carbon chain = butane

Naming Alkanes Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain 1.Count the number of C’s in the longest chain 2.Determine the appropriate root 3.Add the suffix “ane”

Hydrocarbon Root Names # of CarbonsRoot Name 1meth- 2eth- 3prop- 4but- 5pent- 6hex- 7hept- 8oct- 9non- 10dec-

Examples Butane Heptane

Naming Branched Alkanes Based off the number of C atoms in the longest chain 1.Count the number of C’s in the longest chain 2.Determine the appropriate root 3.Use the numbered C’s to give the branches a position number add “yl” suffix 4.Add the suffix “ane”

Naming Branched Alkanes Important Rules: 1.Start numbering from the end that will give you the lowest number of branches 2.If there is more than one type of branch, name the branches in alphabetical order 3.If there is more than two of the same type of branch, give the branch a position number and prefixes “di”, “tri” “tetra” etc. 4.Put commas between numbers and hyphens between numbers and letters

Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl. —CH 3 Methyl —CH 2 CH 3 Ethyl —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Propyl —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Butyl Methyl

Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching. Methyl

Rules for Naming Alkanes (Nomenclature) The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents. Methyl Name:2-methylbutane

Nomenclature Practice Name this compound Step #1: For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon carbons = nonane

Nomenclature Practice Name this compound carbons = nonane Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl. CH 3 = methyl chlorine = chloro

Nomenclature Practice Name this compound carbons = nonane CH 3 = methyl chlorine = chloro Step #3: The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching. 19 NOT 91

Nomenclature Practice Name this compound carbons = nonane CH 3 = methyl chlorine = chloro Step #4: The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents. 2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane

Cyclic Alkanes Cyclopropane, C 3 H 6 Remember, explicit hydrogens are left out Cyclobutane, C 4 H 8 Cyclopentane, C 5 H 10 Cyclohexane, C 6 H 12 Cycloheptane, C 7 H 14

Practice P #1, 2

Structural Shorthand Explicit hydrogens (those required to complete carbon’s valence) are usually left off of drawings of hydrocarbons Line intersections represent carbon atoms C1C1 C1C1 C2C2 C2C2 C3C3 C3C3 C4C4 C4C4

Different Methods of Displaying Compounds Molecular Formula Condensed Structural Formula Expanded Molecular Formula Structural Formula Line Formula

Naming Alkenes & Alkynes 1.Count the number of C’s in the longest chain containing the double/triple bond. This is the parent chain, determine the root Number the parent chain so that the double/triple bond has the lowest possible position number 2.Identify the position numbers of branches Same rules as before 3.Write the branches in alphabetical order 4.Write the root, including a prefix that identifies the position of the double/triple bond Add the prefix “cyclo” if its cyclic 5.Add the suffix “ene” or “yne”

Naming Alkenes & Alkynes

Naming Aromatics 1.Same rules 2.If benzene is the parent chain “benzene” suffix 3.If benzene is a branch group “phenyl”

Practice P #3-7, 8abc Naming Alkenes/Alkynes Worksheet Isomer Challenge Worksheet Naming Hydrocarbons Worksheet