Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds Sometimes called carbon chemistry

Organic Chemistry The backbone element in the molecules of all living things is carbon

Carbon Chemistry Carbon is one of the only elements that can form long chains Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

Organic Chemistry Carbon forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons Compounds whose molecular structures contain only carbon & hydrogen

Hydrocarbons CH4 C5H10 C3H8 C18H36 C6H6 CxH2y

Nomenclature Naming compounds Rules made by IUPAC International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry

Nomenclature Prefix: Indicates # of carbons in the group Suffix: Indicates the type of organic compd

Organic Prefixes 1 = meth- 6 = hex- 2 = eth- 7 = hept- 3 = prop- 8 = oct- 4 = but- 9 = non- 5 = pent- 10 = dec-

Organic Suffixes -ane Sat hydrocarbon -ene DB hydrocarbon -yne TB hydrocarbon -ol Alcohol -one Ketone etc

Alkanes

Alkanes Hydrocarbons containing only single covalent bonds

Alkanes All hydrocarbons with no multiple bonds end with the suffix -ane Prefix: Alk- any length carbon chain

Alkanes 1 = methane 6 = hexane 2 = ethane 7 = heptane 3 = propane 8 = octane 4 = butane 9 = nonane 5 = pentane 10 = decane

Drill Name & give the molecular formula for alkanes with 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5 carbons

Alkane Chemical Formula CnH2n+2

Name each of the following: C5H12 C3H8 C8H18

Saturated Hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon with the maximum number of hydrogens possible

Unsaturated Hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon with less than the maximum number of hydrogens possible

Formula Writing Molecular Formula C4H10

Condensed structural formula, C-C & C-H bonds understood Formula Writing Condensed structural formula, C-C & C-H bonds understood CH3CH2CH2CH3

Condensed structural formula, only C-H bonds understood Formula Writing Condensed structural formula, only C-H bonds understood CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Condensed structural formula, bonds understood & repeats in () Formula Writing Condensed structural formula, bonds understood & repeats in () CH3(CH2)2CH3

Carbon skeleton, C-H bonds omitted Formula Writing Carbon skeleton, C-H bonds omitted C-C-C-C

Complete structural formula Formula Writing Complete structural formula H H H H H C C C C H

Stick or minimal Structures

Stick Structures Line ends & joints represent carbons Hydrogens understood Others draw

Draw the following Propane octane hexane pentane butane methane heptane ethane

Draw the following 5-butyl-3-ethyl-4-cyclohexyl-,2,2-dimethyl-6-propylnonane

Name the following

Branched Alkanes

Branched Chains When an alkane chain gets another hydrocarbon group substituted onto it Branches: sidechains

Branched Chains C C C C C C C C C C

Naming Branched Chains

) Find the longest continuous carbon chain & name it as the main chain ) Find the longest continuous carbon chain & name it as the main chain. The final name will end with the naming of the main chain

C Hexane C C C C C C C C C

) Number each carbon in the chain; so that, the side chains will be connected to the lowest possible numbers on the carbons

C Hexane C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C C C

) Name the side chains or substituted groups, & precede them with the # of the carbon they are connected to & a dash

C 2-methyl C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C C C 2-methyl 4-ethyl

) If identical groups appear more than once, use prefixes: di for 2, tri for 3, tetra for 4, penta for 5, etc Examples: dimethyl, tripropyl, etc

C 2,2-dimethyl C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C C C 4-ethyl

) Name the sidechains or groups in alphabetical order, but ignore the prefixes when doing so Examples: ethyl comes before dimethyl, e < m

) Separate numbers with commas, use hyphens between words & numbers, and write the alkanes as one word Example: dimethylhexane

C C C C C C C C C C 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane

Drill: Name CH3 CH2 H3C-CH-CH2-CH-CH-CH3 CH3 CH2

Deriving Structures from Names Draw the main chain first Look the name ending Draw the branches Look the # & group name

Draw: 3,4-diethyl-2-methyloctane 2,3,5-trimethylhexane 5-butyl-3-ethyl-2,6,8-trimethyl-4-propyldecane

5-butyl-3-ethyl-2,6,8,9-tetramethyl-4,7-dipropyldecane Drill: Draw: 5-butyl-3-ethyl-2,6,8,9-tetramethyl-4,7-dipropyldecane

Isomers Compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different shapes