Pivotal Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine “The right tool for the job” 1

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Scale of Opportunity Pivotal Engine is a A multi-application technology It is a global industry opportunity Pivotal will grow into a global power- unit provider bridging the chasm between efficiency / low CO 2 and viability 3

The engine industry is very mature so incremental development has been the safe option But, the world is changing and external forces are disrupting ‘business as usual’ New demands bring opportunity and sometimes the simple solution is best 4

What we have Simple, highly developed and truly novel ICE Multi-fuel capability The ideal hydrogen fuel design High thermal efficiency High power density Secured global IP A comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and the path to commercialization 5

6 What is an Internal Combustion Engine ? A device that processes fuel/air - harnesses combustion Engine Torque Fuel

7 Fuel characteristics dictate design Hydrogen is a very different fuel so - incremental changes to convert the old engine will not deliver the hydrogen engine we need Progress often demands that we take a step back in order to head in the right direction The Pivotal design presents a leapfrog opportunity

8 Hydrogen Combustion Characteristics Low volumetric power density Low energy required for ignition High flame speed (at stoichiometric ratios) High auto-ignition temperature Short quenching distance High diffusivity

9 Hydrogen Combustion Characteristics Low volumetric power density Low energy required for ignition High flame speed (at stoichiometric ratios) High auto-ignition temperature Short quenching distance High diffusivity

10 High flame speed at or near-to stoichiometric ratios

11 Hydrogen Combustion Characteristics Low volumetric power density Low energy required for ignition High flame speed (at stoichiometric ratios) High auto-ignition temperature Short quenching distance High diffusivity

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13 The Water Cooled Pivotal Piston

cc Twin chamber RPM 100 MPH The 400cc Motorcycle

One Litre Twin Chamber Engine Water-cooled piston 1000cc twin chamber 100 hp 6200 rpm

Pivotal DI Engine 1000 cc Twin Chamber Orbital direct injection

Pivotal Light Sport Plane Engine Power 120 hp. Weight 120 lb. TBO 1000 hours. BSFC ½ lb.per hp/hr

kW military stand-alone Genset 30 kW 250 kg JP8 fuel

19 Prototype 38kW Pivotal engine set- up to test 30kW generator at C.E. Niehoff in Illinois USA

20 2 Litre Opposed Four Engine 65 kg and170 6,000rpm or bus series- hybrid generator – 60

21 High power density ? 100 hp

22 Moving Mass takes Energy More Mass More Energy More Fuel More Emissions

23 Compact Car with 230 HP Pivotal Engine

24 An Automotive Comparison Toyota V6Pivotal Opp 4 Capacity (cc /CI) 3000 / /122 Power (hp)220 Weight (lb) Box Size (cu.ft)126

25 Do we use our car less? or do we take less car with us?

26 What will drive the change to a hydrogen economy? Competition for reducing oil supplies Public awareness on the effects of CO 2 Cheap hydrogen from waste disposal Clean domestic and industrial CHP Storage and conversion of sustainably produced power Clean City Programmes – Hydrogen buses, taxis, delivery trucks, rubbish removal (other captured fleets)

27 The Pivotal Engine is the catalyst to grow the hydrogen/electric economy There is no insurmountable technology gap The full range of technologies needed to deliver efficient hydrogen/electric hybrid vehicles is available now.

Designer and assembler of the London H2 fleet Hybrid System Integrator Supplier of the Hybrid Propulsion System Supplier of the Electric Storage System Integrator of the selected Hydrogen combustion engine into the vehicle Project Role

Combustion is still the best means to convert hydrogen fuel to driving torque The Pivotal engine is the low cost and simple solution - it presents an opportunity to develop new industry. Good design - changes everything YES WE CAN Recognize - invest - work - prosper