Which structures move with the testes during their descent from the abdomen? Testicular artery, spermatic cord, and seminal vesicles Ductus deferens, testicular artery, lymph vessels, and nerves Lymph vessels, gubernaculum testis, and a pocket of peritoneal cavity Testicular artery, spermatozoa, and semen Answer: 2

On a warm day, why will the cremaster muscle be relaxed? Normal sperm development depends on the testes being 1.1oC warmer than body temperature. Healthy levels of testosterone are maintained by fluctuations of the cremaster muscle. Normal sperm development depends on the testes being 1.1oC cooler than body temperature. 1 and 2 are correct. Answer: 3

It secretes testosterone. When stem cells called spermatogonia divide, one differentiates into a primary spermatocyte. What happens to the second daughter cell? It undergoes atresia. It secretes testosterone. It continues through the layers of the seminiferous tubule without differentiating. It remains in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubule. Answer: 4

Which of the following occurs during the process of spermiogenesis? Spermatids differentiate into mature sperm. Primary spermatocytes begin meiosis. Primary spermatocytes give rise to secondary spermatocytes. All of the above are correct. Answer: 1

Which of the following is not a function of sustenacular cells? Maintain the blood-testis barrier Promote division of spermatogonia Produce androgens, particularly testosterone Regulate FSH and GnRH secretion Answer: Answer: 3

How is the generation of four sperm possible from one spermatogonium? Meiosis I yields two haploid secondary spermatocytes, which go through meiosis II and become four haploid spermatids. The spermatogonium divides four times during meiosis I. The spermatogonium produces two primary spermatocytes, which then divide again in meiosis II. 1 and 3 are correct. Answer: 1

Semen is of the same composition, but sperm are not released. If secretions from the prostate gland are absent from semen, how does the composition of semen change? Semen is of the same composition, but sperm are not released. Its pH is higher and its volume decreases by about 30%. Its pH is lower and the fructose content decreases. None of the above is correct. Answer: 2

He will not be able to maintain an erection. If a male has his prepuce surgically removed, what has happened to him? He will not be able to maintain an erection. He will not be able to bear children. His prostate has been removed. He has been circumcised. Answer: 4

What will happen to the penis if the arteries within the penis dilate? The male becomes impotent. Nitric oxide ceases to be released and the penis becomes flaccid. The male attains an erection. The male ejaculates. Answer: 3

What is a direct effect of low FSH secretion in males? Secretion of inhibin is promoted. The rate of sperm production decreases. His sex drive declines significantly. The pulses of GnRH from the hypothalamus develop the female pattern of release. Answer: 2

Which of the following is not a function of the ovaries? Production of oocytes Secretion of estrogen and progesterone Secretion of FSH and LH Secretion of inhibin Answer: 3

Which of the following is true of oogenesis? Oogonia complete their mitotic divisions before birth. At puberty, a female has a renewing source of oogonia. The oocyte is mature at ovulation. Primary oocytes are halted in development at metaphase of meiosis II until puberty. Answer: 1

Why does oogenesis yield only one functional ovum? When the primary oocyte divides, its counterpart remains in the outer layer of the ovary to maintain the supply of oocytes. Oogenesis produces 2 or 3 polar bodies, which later disintegrate. Cytoplasm is unevenly distributed during mitosis in the primary oocyte. 2 and 3 are correct. Answer: 2

What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur? It stimulates ovulation. It initiates development of the tertiary follicle. It secretes estrogen. It disintegrates into a corpus albicans. Answer: 4

It is easier for her to conceive. She becomes sterile. What effect does blockage of both uterine tubes by scar tissue (resulting from an STD) have on a woman’s ability to conceive? It is easier for her to conceive. She becomes sterile. She is likely to have low-birth weight babies. There is no effect on conception. Answer: 2

How is an oocyte transported along the uterine tube? The fimbriae propel the ovum along the uterine tube. Ciliary movement “turns on” just before ovulation to propel the oocyte. Peristaltic contractions of the uterine tube propel the oocyte. 2 and 3 are correct. Answer: 4

What benefit does the acidic pH of the vagina provide? Enhances sperm motility Prevents mucus secretions Maintains epithelial lining Prevents bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections Answer: 4

Which layer of the uterus is sloughed off during menstruation? Myometrium Basilar zone of the endometrium Functional layer of the endometrium Perimetrium Answer: 3

Which scenario results in females if GnRH is absent or it is secreted at a constant rate, rather than in pulses? The gonadotropes preferentially respond to FSH. FSH and LH secretion stops within hours. The gonadotropes preferentially respond to LH. Body hair and fat distribution changes to that of a male. Answer: 2

No follicular development occurs. Oogenesis does not occur. What changes are observed in the ovarian cycle if the LH surge does not occur? Premature ovulation occurs, resulting in a mismatch of ovarian and uterine cycles. No follicular development occurs. Oogenesis does not occur. Completion of meiosis I by the primary oocyte and ovulation will not occur. Answer: 4

Inhibits menstruation Promotes glandular secretion What effect does a blockage of progesterone receptors in the uterus have on the endometrium? Inhibits menstruation Promotes glandular secretion Inhibits thickening of endometrium Promotes development of endometrial lining Answer: 3

What event occurs in the uterine cycle when the levels of estrogens and progesterone decline? Pregnancy Menarche Menses Menopause Answer: 3

An inability to contract the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles impedes which part(s) of the male sex act? Ejaculation Orgasm Erection 1 and 2 Answer: 4

Erectile tissues of the clitoris engorge. What changes occur in females during sexual arousal as the result of increased parasympathetic stimulation? Erectile tissues of the clitoris engorge. Vaginal glandular secretions increase. Blood vessels in nipples engorge. All of the above occur. Answer: 4

Why does the level of FSH rise and remain high during menopause? Estrogen levels decline. The ovaries no longer respond to FSH. It is a result of increased LH levels. It is because GnRH levels increase. Answer: 1

What is the male climacteric? It is the name given to the male orgasm. It happens when testosterone levels increase and cause the man to be hypersexual. It is the male equivalent to perimenopause. It is a precancerous condition of the testes. Answer: 3