Cells and organization of living systems TAKS- Living Systems Cells and organization of living systems

Organization of living systems All matter made of atoms Atoms organized into molecules Molecules organized into cells (Living things are made of cells) Cells organized into tissues Tissues organized into organs Organs organized into organ systems Organ systems organized into organisms

Two types of cells Prokaryotic cells- Bacteria ONLY!!! Eukaryotic cells-All other living cells.

Prokaryotic Cells Lack nucleus and most other organelles (structure within cell – performs specific function) Include Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria Eubacteria – true bacteria Good bacteria and pathogenic bacteria

Eukaryotic cells Have nucleus and other organelles Ex. Nuclear Membrane and Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles. FYI: Mitochondria have their own nuclei and can reproduce like in muscle tissue.

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells Nucleus – contains DNA; command center of cell Mitochondria – found in all eukaryotes – breaks down food molecules (i.e. – glucose) to release energy (cellular respiration) Equation for cellular respiration: C6 H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Ribosomes – where proteins are made Endoplasmic reticulum – path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another Golgi apparatus – processes and packages substances produced by the cell

Lysosome – digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances Cilia and flagella – propel cells through the environment; move materials over cell surface Vacuole – storage of water, waste, and/or enzymes Microfilaments and microtubules – forms cytoskeleton of cell for support, movement, and division of cells Chloroplast – found in cells of plants and some protists – use energy in sunlight to make the sugar glucose (photosynthesis). Glucose fuels all life’s processes (plant and animal). Cell wall – (plants) supports/protects cell

Plant and Animal cells-Cell Organelle Game in Student Packet

Rules: 1. You will work in teams of 4 and place the organelle cut outs in the appropriate plant and animal cell model. We will begin in 5 minutes. 2. You will place the organelle in the model(s) and quickly write the function to the side of your labels in pencil. 3. Each organelle is worth 5 points. 4. Having finished the race have another team verify you results. 5. Give your total score for each model on your score card.

End of Day 1: Turn in your score cards for Cell Review.

How cells keep themselves alive Maintain stable internal environment - homeostasis

Ways to maintain homeostasis Passive transport – no ATP used Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Carrier proteins Ion channels Active transport – ATP used Cell membrane pumps (sodium-potassium) Endocytosis exocytosis

Interdependence In multicellular organisms cells work together in organs and organ systems to help one another maintain homeostasis

Organ Systems Circulatory – transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries wastes away from cells Respiratory – moves oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body Digestive – breaks down food and absorbs nutrients Nervous – detects changes outside and inside your body and controls the way your body responds to these changes Skeletal – movement, protection, shape, support, storage of minerals and produces blood cells

Muscular – movement, posture, and production of heat Endocrine – produces chemical messengers called hormones; some hormones help to maintain homeostasis while others control development and growth Integumentary – forms protective barrier around body, prevents water loss, controls body temperature, and gathers information about your surroundings Immune – protects body from infection

Lymphatic – takes fluid from the spaces between cells and returns it to the circulatory system; filters bacteria and other microorganisms from this fluid Reproductive – males – sperm production; females – eggs Excretory – removes wastes from the body and helps maintain homeostasis