AMERICA AND THE WORLD, America: Past and Present Chapter 27

Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry  1920s--American diplomacy permeated by a sense of disillusionment  U.S. refuses to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace

Retreat in Europe  U.S. quarrels with former allies over repayment of $10 billion in wartime loans  U.S. never joined the League of Nations  U.S. refuses recognition of Soviet Union

Cooperation in Latin America  Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substitute cooperation for military coercion  FDR’s "Good Neighbor" policy renounces past imperialism  U.S. continues political, economic domination of Latin America

Rivalry in Asia  Japanese occupy Korea, parts of Manchuria  U.S. Open Door policy blocks Japanese dominance of China

Rivalry in Asia: Washington Conference of 1921  England agrees to U.S. naval equality  Japan accepted as third largest naval power  All nations agree to limit naval construction  Nine-Power Treaty--Open Door Policy reaffirmed  Four-Power Treaty--establishes alliance among U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France

Isolationism  Depression shifts focus to domestic affairs  Rise of militaristic regimes threatens war – Germany – Italy – Japan

The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality  Most Americans resolved against another meaningless war  Senator Gerald Nye leads passage of neutrality legislation – U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited – U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited  Japan invades China  FDR permits sale of arms to China

War in Europe  FDR approves appeasement of Hitler  Hitler seizes Czechoslovakia  FDR attempts to revise the neutrality acts, to give edge to England, France  July, FDR attacks neutrality acts  September W.W.II begins, Roosevelt declares the acts in force

The Road to War  U.S. remains at peace  Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for Germany and Japan  Roosevelt openly expresses favor for Allies, moves cautiously to avoid isolationist outcry

From Neutrality to Undeclared War  FDR seeks help for England without actually entering the war  November, belligerents may buy U.S. goods on "cash and carry" basis  German occupation of France

From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England  U.S. gives or loans war supplies  U.S. ships transport war supplies  Eventual consensus that a Nazi victory in Europe would threaten western civilization

Showdown in the Pacific  Japanese occupation of coastal China  U.S. limits exports to Japan of strategic materials  Japan allies with Germany, Italy  Japanese invasion of Indochina prompts U.S. to end all trade

Showdown in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor  U.S.-Japanese negotiations  Japan’s demands – free hand in China – restoration of normal trade relations  U.S. demands Japanese troops out of China  December 7, Pearl Harbor attacked  December 8--War declared

Turning the Tide Against the Axis  December, Axis on the offensive  U.S., England, Russia fight to seize the initiative  offensive to crush Axis

Wartime Partnerships  U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill  Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance  Soviet Union often feels alone in conflict  Wartime tensions persist after victory

Halting the German Blitz  November U.S. invades North Africa  May U.S., England invade Italy – Mussolini falls from power – slow advance up the Italian peninsula  Summer, Battle of Stalingrad – Russia defeats Germans – begins advance into eastern Europe

Checking Japan in the Pacific  Two-pronged drive against Japan – Douglas MacArthur leads drive through New Guinea to the Philippines – Chester Nimitz leads navy westward from Pearl Harbor to the Philippines  June, victory at Midway launches advance into Japanese-held territories

World War II in the Pacific

The Home Front  War ends depression  Economy geared for military output  Automobile factories converted to tank and airplane production  Women moved into the workplace  Demographic shifts

The Arsenal of Democracy  Scarce goods rationed  Income of lowest-paid laborers increases faster than the rich  High savings rate lays basis for postwar prosperity

A Nation on the Move  Wartime migration South and West  Early marriages, increased birth rates  Family-related social problems – housing shortages – more divorces – neglected children

A Nation on the Move: Improving Conditions  Women’s income increases 50%  African Americans – equal opportunities in war-related industry – surging migration from the rural South  Mexican-Americans take urban factory jobs

A Nation on the Move: Japanese Internment  120,000 Japanese moved from the West Coast to detention camps  Supreme Court rejects appeal for release  Congress votes indemnity of $1.2 billion for survivors

Japanese American Internment Camps

Win-the-War Politics  Republican-Southern Democrat coalition controls Congress  November, Truman attracts moderates, FDR wins fourth term

Victory  June 6, Normandy Invasion  April 25, U.S., Russian forces meet at Torgau  May 7, unconditional German surrender

War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy  Russia claims eastern Europe as prize for conquest of Germany  U.S. seeks collective security arrangement including the United Nations  Yalta, Potsdam conferences clarify U.S., Soviet differences  April 12, FDR dies

World War II in Europe and North Africa

Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific  June 21, U.S. capture Okinawa, complete control of Pacific  May-August--intense air attacks on Japan  August 6--atom bomb destroys Hiroshima  August 9--atom bomb destroys Nagasaki  August 14--Japan surrenders

The Transforming Power of War  U.S. the most powerful nation on earth  Unprecedented economic prosperity  Federal government a permanent force in daily life