COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS II 2 nd sem. 1433/1434 - Spring 2013 #7 – Comparative & Superlative.

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COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS II 2 nd sem. 1433/ Spring 2013 #7 – Comparative & Superlative

Comparative Adjectives 1. Comparative adjectives are used to compare two things. 2. Two common structures used to compare are: as … as (e.g., She is as smart as her sister.) than (e.g., She is smarter than her sister.) 3. When comparing with as … as, the form of the adjective does not change. 4. When comparing with than, the form of the adjective changes depending on the number of syllables it has.

Forming Comparative Adjectives Monosyllabic adjectives  add –er Colder – hotter – taller Disyllabic adjectives ending in -y  drop the –y and add –ier Happier – prettier – luckier – easier Disyllabic adjectives not ending in -y and trisyllabic adjectives  add more More careful – more crowded – more important

Superlative Adjectives 1. Superlative adjectives are used to talk about one thing. 2. They are used to describe something as being the most of, e.g., the best, the worst, the most beautiful.

Forming Superlative Adjectives Monosyllabic adjectives  add –est and use the before the adjective The coldest – the hottest – the tallest Disyllabic adjectives ending in -y  drop the –y and add –iest and use the before the adjective The happiest – the prettiest – the luckiest – the easiest Disyllabic adjectives not ending in -y and trisyllabic adjectives  add the most The most careful – the most crowded – the most important

Adjectives that Follow both Rules 1. Some disyllabic adjectives follow two rules (i.e., they take -er and -est OR more/the most). For example: Clever Gentle Friendly Quiet Simple Narrow

Irregular Comparative/Superlative Adjectives  Good – better – the best  Bad – worse – the worst  Far – further – the furthest  to refer to a greater degree (more figurative – can be used adverbially to mean in addition)  Far – farther – the farthest  to refer to distance only  Old – elder – the eldest  when referring to someone in the family  Old – older – the oldest  general use  Little – less – the least  Many – more – the most

Comparative/Superlative Adverbs Monosyllabic adverbs  add –er / –est Faster – the fastest Harder – the hardest Other adverbs  add more / the most More quickly – the most quickly

Irregular Comparative/Superlative Adverbs Well – better – the best Badly – worse – the worst Far – farther – the furthest Far – further – the furthest Little – less – the least

اسم التفضيل يُستخدم اسم التفضيل للمقارنة بين اثنين (أو أكثر) اشتركا في صفة، و زاد أحدهما على الآخر في هذه الصفة. على سبيل المثال: أطول - أقصر - أنشط يُعرب حسب موقعه في الجملة. يُشتق اسم التفضيل على وزن «أفعل» للمذكر و «فُعلى» للمؤنث من فعل: 1. ماضي 2. ثلاثي 3. مثبت 4. تام 5. مبني للمعلوم 6. ليس الوصف منه على وزن «افعل» و «فعلاء» 7. قابل للتفاوت

في حال اختلّ أحد الشروط السابق ذكرها، لا يُصاغ اسم التفضيل من الفعل بشكل مباشر. إنما يُصاغ من المصدر مع كلمة مناسبة على وزن «أفعل»، مثل: أشد - أكثر - أقل - أدنى. يكون المصدر في هذه الحالة، تمييز منصوب. على سبيل المثال: أكثر ازدحاماً - أشد حمرةً - أقل دحرجةً هناك ثلاثة أفعال تٌحذف منها الألف عادة في صيغة التفضيل، هي: خير وشر وحب. مثلاً: الصدق خير من الكذب.

حالات اسم التفضيل 1. مجرد من أل ومن الإضافة ← يجب إفراده وتذكيره - المفضل إليه مسبوق بحرف الجر من (ويجوز حذفه). مثال: أحمد أطول من أخيه. 2. مضافاً إلى نكرة ← يجب إفراده وتذكيره. مثال: الكتاب أفضل صديقٍ. 3. معرفاً بأل ← يجب أن يُطابق المفضل - لا يُذكر المفضل عليه بعده. أمثلة: محمد هو الأصغر سناً - مها هي الصغرى سناً - الطالبتان هما الصغريان سناً - الطالبان هما الأصغران سناً - الطلاب هم الأاغر سناً - الطالبات هن الصغريات سناً 4. مضافاً إلى معرفة ← يجوز فيه: أن يطابق المفضل كالمعرف بألـ أو أن يكون مفرداً مذكراً كالمجرد من ألـ ومن الإضافة. أمثلة: محمد أفضل الرجال - فاطمة فضلى النساء أو فاطمة أفضل النساء.

References Khalil, A. (1999). A contrastive grammar of English and Arabic. Jordon: Jordon Book Centre. في أساسيات اللغة العربية لعبد العزيز نبوي - القاهرة: الدار المصرية اللبنانية، 2012 المبسط في شرح قواعد اللغة العربية لمحمد حسين سلامة - القاهرة: دار الفكر العربي،