Assignment #1 Answer the 12 questions posted on our webpage. Due next week in lab. Worth (12 points)

Minerals

Earth’s Materials - Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

GasLiquidSolid Three States of Matter

Solid – substance that keeps its shape Liquid – a substance that flows freely but is not a gas Gas - a substance that flows freely and will distribute itself evenly in a container

Three States of Water

Triple Point- all three states exist at once Two states exist at once

Latent heat - amount of heat released or adsorbed during a change in state.

Latent heat redistributes solar energy from near the Equator towards the poles.

Review of the Atom P P Helium Protons in nucleus N 3 ( 3 He ) Neutron in nucleus e e Orbiting electrons

Atomic Number - # of protons Atomic Weight = # of protons + Neutrons Review of the Atom

Isotopes - elements with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. e N P N e Helium 3 ( 3 He) P e e P N P Helium 4 ( 4 He)

Ions - atoms with excess positive or negative charge (gain or loss of electrons from the outermost shell). Cations (positive charge, lose electrons) P e Hydrogen atom P e ElectronHydrogen ion ( H + ) + + Anions (negative charge, gain electrons)

Compounds - combination of atoms of one or more elements in a specific ratio. Examples: N 2 - nitrogen gas H 2 O - water CaCO 3 – calcite (a mineral) Ions dissolved in water will combine to form compounds

Chlorine Gas Sodium Solid Sodium Chloride

Sodium Chloride Hydration Of Ions

Types of Bonds Ionic - transfer of electrons between cations and anions. Moderate strength, Moderate hardness

Covalent - electrons are shared between atoms Types of Bonds Strong bond/ Hard mineral

Metallic - electrons are shared but move about freely between ions good conductors of electricity (copper, gold) Types of Bonds

Van der Waals - weak attraction Graphite

Bond Strength and Mineral Hardness **The stronger the bond, the harder the mineral 2. Ionic bond– intermediate strength, moderately hard minerals 1. Covalent bond – strongest bond, hardest minerals 3. Van der Waals bond– weakest bond, softest minerals

Most Common Elements Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Percentage by Weight

Crystal Growth

Five Requirements to be a mineral Naturally formed Solid Formed by inorganic processes Specific chemical composition Characteristic crystal structure

Properties of Minerals Crystal form Habit and Cleavage Hardness Luster, Color, Streak Density

Crystal form Quartz

Isometric (cubic) Tetragonal Orthorhombic Hexagonal TrigonalMonoclinic

Crystal Form

Habit

GeodeStalactitic Botryoidal Fibrous Mammillary Radiating

Cleavage

Red Arrows show where cleaveage will occur.

Mohs Hardness Scale

Mohs Hardness Scale 1 - Talc 2 - Gypsum 3 - Calcite 4 - Fluorite 5 - Apatite 6 - Potassium Feldspar 7 - Quartz 8 - Topaz 9 - Corundum 10 -Diamond softest hardest fingernail Copper penny glass Streak plate

Vitreous - glass like Resinous - resin like Pearly - pearl like Greasy - slippery Luster Non Metallic Metallic - metal like

Luster MetallicNonmetallic

Color

Color of Streak

box of feathers box of hammers Density

Common Mineral Families Silicates(SiO 4 ) 4- OxidesO 2- Carbonates(CO 3 ) 2- Sulfates(SO 4 ) 2- Phosphates(PO 4 ) 3-

Silicates NeosilicateSorosilicate

Silicates Inosilicate Phylosilicate