Horse

The Horse is a single-hooved (ungulate) mammal belonging to the taxonomic family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, single-toed animal of today. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, as this term is used to describe horses that have never been domesticated, such as the endangered Przewalski’s Horse, a separate subspecies, and the only remaining true wild horse. Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class:Mammalia Subclass:Theria Infraclass:Eutheria Order:Perissodactyla Family:Equidae Genus:Equus Species:E. ferus Subspecies:E. f. caballus Classification The horses' anatomy enables them to make use of speed to escape predators and they have a well- developed sense of balance and a strong fight or flight instinct. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. gestation lasts for approximately 335–340 days and usually results in one foal, twins are rare in horses. Horses are a precocial species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short time following birth. Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed steadily throughout the day. Therefore they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients.

1. Coxal tuber of ilium (point of haunch) 2. Wing of ilium 3. Sacral tuber of ilium (point of croup) 4. Ilium of pelvic bone 5. Greater ischiatic notch in dorsal border of ilium of pelvic bone (converted into a greater ischiatic foramen by sacrosciatic ligament) 6. Ischiatic spine 7. Lesser ischiatic notch in dorsal border of ischium of pelvic bone (converted into a lesser ischiatic foramen by sacrosciatic ligament) 8. Ischium of pelvic bone 9. Ischiatic tuber (point of buttock or seat bone) 10. Obturator foramen (Normally blocked my obturaor foramen) 11. Hip joint 12. Pecten of pubic bone 13. Pubis of pelvic bone Skeleton of pelvis and hindlimb

Supf. Inguinal ring 2. Wing of ilium 3. Muscular lacuna 4. Greater ischial notch 5. Ischial spine 6. Body of iscium 7. Ischial tuber 8. Tabula of ischium 9. Pelvic symphysis 10. Pecten 11. Groove for obturator n. and vessles 12. Psoas minor tubercle 13. Arcuate line

Coxal tuber 2.Iliac crest 3.Wing of ilium 4.Sacral tuber 5.Sacropelvic surface 6.Body of ilium and ventral caudl iliac spine Psoas line 8. Arcuate line 9. Pelvic symphysis 10. Body of ischium 11. Ischial tuber 12. Ischial arch

1.Tabula of ischium 2.Ischial tuber 3.Body of ischium 4.Coxal tuber 5.Wing of ilium 6.Sacropelvic surface 7.Aurciular surface 8.Acetabulum 9.Obturator foramen 10.Pelvic symphysis