Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. Chapter 7 Skeletal System (Part 3) 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..

Vertebral Column Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs. Cervical curvature Cervical vertebrae Vertebra prominens Rib facet Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacral (4-5 fused segments) Sacrum is fused bone Coccyx is fused bone Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic curvature Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar curvature Sacrum Sacral curvature Coccyx (a) (b)

Vertebral Column Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature Rib facets Vertebral prominens Intervertebral discs (IVD) Intervertebral foramina (IVF) Cervical curvature Cervical vertebrae Vertebra prominens Rib facet Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic curvature Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar curvature Sacrum Sacral curvature Coccyx (a) (b)

Typical Vertebrae Includes the following parts: Vertebral body (A) Pedicles (B) Lamina (C) Spinous process (D) Transverse processes (E) Vertebral foramen (F) Facets (G) D G C E F B A

Cervical Vertebrae Atlas – 1st; supports head Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head Transverse foramen Bifid spinous processes Vertebral prominens – useful landmark Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Facet that articulates with occipital condyle Posterior Vertebral foramen Transverse process Facet that articulates with dens (odontoid process) of axis Transverse foramen Anterior Atlas (a) Anterior articular facet for atlas Spinous process Dens Spinous process Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Body Inferior articular process Transverse process Dens (odontoid process) Axis (b) (c)

Facet for tubercle of rib Superior articular process Thoracic Vertebrae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior articular process Long spinous processes Processes point inferiorly Rib facets Pedicle Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Body Intervertebral notch Superior articular process Body Inferior articular process Spinous process Transverse process (a) Inferior articular process Spinous process Lamina Intervertebral disc Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Superior articular process Vertebral foramen Spinous process Anterior Pedicle Body (b) Posterior (c)

Lumbar Vertebrae Large bodies Thick, short (almost square) spinous processes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body (c) Lumbar vertebra

Sacrum & Coccyx 4-5 fused segments Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Posterior wall of pelvic cavity Sacral promontory aka base Area toward coccyx is the apex Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sacral promontory Superior articular process Sacral canal Auricular surface Sacrum Tubercle of median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramen Coccyx aka tailbone 3-4 fused segments Sacral hiatus Anterior sacral foramen Coccyx (a) (b)

b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Thoracic Cage Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum. Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra 1 Clavicular notch 2 3 Manubrium True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Body Sternum 6 7 Xiphoid process Ribs (12) Sternum Thoracic vertebrae (12) Costal cartilages Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs Protects viscera Role in breathing 8 Ribs Vertebrochondral ribs 9 False ribs Costal cartilage 10 1 1 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD

b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Ribs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra 1 Clavicular notch Humans have 12 pairs of ribs: True ribs (7) False ribs (5), of which: Floating (2) 2 3 Manubrium True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Body Sternum 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 Ribs Vertebrochondral ribs 9 False ribs Costal cartilage 10 1 1 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD

Rib Structure Shaft Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neck Head T ubercle Anterior end Shaft Costal groove (a) Spinous process Facet T ubercle Neck Head Facet Shaft Anterior end (sternal end) (b)

b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD Sternum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Three (3) parts of the sternum: Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra 1 Clavicular notch 2 3 Manubrium True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Body Sternum 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 Ribs Vertebrochondral ribs 9 False ribs Costal cartilage 10 1 1 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) (b) b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD

7.9: Pectoral Girdle Also known as the shoulder girdle Clavicles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Also known as the shoulder girdle Clavicles Scapulae Supports upper limbs True shoulder joint is simply the articulation of the humerus and scapula Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Clavicle Head of humerus Coracoid process Sternum Costal cartilage Scapula Rib Humerus Ulna Radius (a)

Clavicles Articulate with manubrium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Articulate with manubrium Articulate with scapulae (acromion process) Acromion process Acromial end Sternal end Clavicle Head of humerus Coracoid process Sternum Costal cartilage Scapula Rib Humerus Ulna Radius (a)

Scapulae Spine Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Acromion process Coracoid process Glenoid fossa or cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior border Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Acromion process Acromion process Coracoid process Supra- glenoid tubercle Spine Glenoid cavity Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Infra- glenoid tubercle Supraspinous fossa Lateral (axillary) border Infraspinous fossa Medial (vertebral) border (a) (b) (c)

7.10: Upper Limb Humerus Radius Ulna (Interosseous membrane) Carpals Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Humerus Radius Ulna (Interosseous membrane) Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Humerus Humerus Olecranon process Olecranon fossa Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna (c) Radius Ulna Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges (a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) (d) d: © Martin Rotker

Humerus Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum Trochlea Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Greater tubercle Head Greater tubercle Intertubercular groove Anatomical neck Surgical neck Lesser tubercle Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea (a) (b)

Radius Lateral forearm bone Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral forearm bone Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Head of radius Olecranon process Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Radius (b) Ulna Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius (a)

Ulna Medial forearm bone Trochlear notch Olecranon process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Medial forearm bone Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Styloid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Head of radius Olecranon process Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Radius (b) Ulna Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius (a)

Wrist and Hand Carpal Bones (16 total bones) Metacarpal Bones (10) Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Radius Scaphoid Ulna Scaphoid Lunate Capitate Capitate Hamate Trapezoid Trapezoid Triquetrum Trapezium Trapezium Pisiform Carpals (carpus) 1 1 Metacarpals (metacarpus) 5 5 2 4 4 2 3 3 Metacarpal Bones (10) Proximal phalanx Phalangeal Bones (28) Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Phalanges Distal phalanx (a) (b)

7.11: Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones (2) Supports trunk of body Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coxal Bones (2) Supports trunk of body Protects viscera Forms pelvic cavity Sacral canal Ilium Sacrum Sacral hiatus Coccyx Ischium Obturator foramen (b) Pubis Sacroiliac joint Ilium Sacral promontory Sacrum Acetabulum Pubis Pubic tubercle Symphysis pubis Ischium Pubic arch (a) c: © Martin Rotker (c)

Hip Bones Also known as the coxae: Acetabulum There are three (3) bones: 1. Ilium Iliac crest Iliac spines Greater sciatic notch 2. Ischium Ischial spines Lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity 3. Pubis Obturator foramen Symphysis pubis Pubic arch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliac crest Iliac fossa Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Ilium Ilium Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Obturator foramen Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Obturator foramen Ischium Ischial spine Pubis Pubic crest Ischium Lesser sciatic notch Pubis Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity (a) (b)

Greater and Lesser Pelves Greater Pelvis Lumbar vertebrae posteriorly Iliac bones laterally Abdominal wall anteriorly Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Flared ilium Sacral promontory Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis Lesser Pelvis Sacrum and coccyx posteriorly Lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones laterally and anteriorly (a) Female pelvis Pubic arch Sacral promontory Sacral curvature (b) Male pelvis Pubic arch

Differences Between Male Female Pelves Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Female pelvis Iliac bones more flared Broader hips Pubic arch angle greater More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities Sacral curvature shorter and flatter Lighter bones Why these differences? Flared ilium Sacral promontory Pelvic brim Symphysis pubis (a) Female pelvis Pubic arch Sacral promontory Sacral curvature (b) Male pelvis Pubic arch

7.12: Lower Limb Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Femur Femur Patella Fibula T ibia (c) Lateral view Patella Fibula Femur Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula T ibia T arsals (d) Posterior view Metatarsals Phalanges (b)

Femur Longest bone of body Head Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Longest bone of body Head Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Condyles Epicondyles Fovea capitis Neck Head Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa Patellar surface (a) (b)

Patella Aka kneecap Anterior surface of the knee joint Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Aka kneecap Anterior surface of the knee joint Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon Femur Femur Patella Fibula T ibia (c) Lateral view Patella Fibula Femur Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula T ibia T arsals (d) Posterior view Metatarsals Phalanges (b)

Tibia Aka shin bone Medial to fibula Condyles Tibial tuberosity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Aka shin bone Medial to fibula Condyles Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Makes the medial malleolus Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Head of fibula Anterior crest Fibula Tibia Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus

Fibula Lateral to tibia Long, slender Head Makes the lateral malleolus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral to tibia Long, slender Head Makes the lateral malleolus Non-weight bearing Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Head of fibula Anterior crest Fibula Tibia Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus

Foot Tarsal Bones (14) Metatarsal Bones (10) Phalanges (28) Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral (3rd) cuneiform Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform Medial (1st) cuneiform Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fibula Tibia T alus Medial cuneiform Navicular Metatarsals (metatarsus) Calcaneus Metatarsal Bones (10) Phalanges Calcaneal tuberosity Phalanges (28) Proximal Middle Distal Tarsals (tarsus) (b)

Foot Calcaneus Talus Tarsals (tarsus) Navicular Cuboid Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Calcaneus Talus Tarsals (tarsus) Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform 5 4 3 1 Metatarsals (metatarsus) 2 Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges (a)